<p>TAFE Hall of Residence is a heritage-listed disused residential college at 95-107 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by John Dalton and built from 1976 to 1978. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 25 February 2004.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>A Cabinet decision of May 1973 established a policy of providing Halls of Residence for young people who were obliged to live away from home to attend classes. The Hall of Residence at Kelvin Grove were designed for short-term accommodation for country students undertaking Technical and further education (TAFE) block release apprenticeship courses (of 6–7 weeks duration) which were not available regionally.</p><br>
<p>A site at Chelmer was originally proposed but after it was inundated in the 1974 Brisbane flood an alternative site at Kelvin Grove (originally part of Gona Barracks) was selected. This land had been excised from the Barracks site in the early 1970s when a right-of-way was created for a proposed North-Western freeway. The bulk of the Barracks site was on the western side of the proposed freeway, fronting Kelvin Grove Road. Land on the eastern side of the freeway alignment, with frontages to Victoria Park Road on either side of Blamey Street, was gazetted as a Reserve for a Technical College. The land on the northern side of Blamey Street was intended as the site for a new Technical Correspondence School. The proposed freeway did not go ahead after the Commonwealth government withdrew funds for urban freeways, and by mid-1975 that land on the southern side of Blamey Street was selected for the first Brisbane Hall of Residence.</p><br>
<p>Against a background of criticism by the Commonwealth of the standard of recent Brisbane buildings for TAFE the Brisbane architect, John Dalton, was commissioned to design the hall of residence in mid-1975. The building was to be staged with accommodation in Stage 1 for 120 students, 6 tutors and a warden and with provision for a future Stage 2 for a further 120 students and another 6 tutors. The design and documentation phases were accelerated so that construction would commence before a 30 June 1976 funding deadline.</p><br>
<p>An initial design based on higher densities with self-contained groups of four students with kitchenette and bath room was revised in October 1975 to one of more domestic scale with a centralised dining/common room, to bring the project within a cost limit of $10,000 per student. The successful tender for $1,254,561 (slightly over budget) was received from Hornick Constructions and the completed complex was handed over on 13 December 1978. The building won awards from the Royal Australian Institute of Architects for meritorious architecture in 1979 and for civic design in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The design of the accommodation at the former Hall of Residence was a departure from earlier halls of residence and illustrates the changing ideological and utilitarian needs of students at the time as well as the particular needs of short term occupants. There was a global shift that began in the 1960s in response to changing student needs brought about by sweeping social change, growing student numbers and economic constraints. Accommodation which was institutional and formal, where student movements could be more easily monitored and regulated was being replaced with that which provided students with more independence and a more informal living environment.</p><br>
<p>This departure in approach to student accommodation is clearly demonstrated in the design of the Hall of Residence at Kelvin Grove through the scale and informal clustering of buildings and entwining paths which, on the steep topography, provide a measure of privacy without fully divorcing the activities in the dwellings from passing pedestrians, thus maintaining a sense of community.</p><br>
<p>John Dalton (1927— ) was born in Yorkshire, England and came to Queensland in 1950. While training at the Central Technical College and the University of Queensland, he was employed in the offices of Theo Thynne and Hayes and Scott. Soon after he graduated in 1956 with a Diploma of Architecture he commenced private practice and quickly established a reputation for high quality design:</p><br>
<p>He won a competition for a plywood display house in 1956, and for a project house in 1962. His work was exhibited in the Australian Pavilion at Lausanne Fair in 1959; in the Qantas Exhibition of Australian Architecture in London in 1962; and in the Australian pavilions at Expos in Montreal 1967 and Osaka in 1970, and in the Australia Council&#39;s exhibition Old Continent New Buildings in 1983; He won awards from the magazine Architecture and Arts for buildings in the ten best projects in 1959-60, 1960–61 and 1962. He won awards from the RAIA in 1962, 1964, 1967, 1972, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1981, 1982</p><br>
<p>He became well known through his domestic work which included houses he designed for himself in 1952 and 1960. Through the 1960s his reputation was further enhanced by his success in the Institute of Architect&#39;s awards programs, through his innovation in climatic design, through writing and publication of his work and through teaching. His early advocacy for reintroduction of vernacular elements such as verandahs, high-set houses, roof ventilation and climatic design generally was notable and influential and led to international exhibition of his work in Australian pavilions at Expositions in Montreal and Osaka.</p><br>
<p>Dalton&#39;s success in the 1960s was a prelude for larger public and award winning commissions in the 1970s which included:</p><br>
<p>The Vice-Chancellor&#39;s Residence at the University of Queensland commissioned for Zelman Cowen (demolished 2000)</p><br>
<p>the Bardon Professional Development Centre (sold by Education Department and subsequently remodelled)</p><br>
<p>the Hall of Residence, Kelvin Grove</p><br>
<p>the Student Union building for Griffith University</p><br>
<p>the Arts, Crafts and Music Building, Darling Downs Institute of Advanced Education</p><br>
<p>Of these works, the Hall of Residence, Kelvin Grove is the only extant project which has a residential component.</p><br>
<p>Early in the 1980s, Dalton largely closed down his Brisbane practice and moved to Allora.</p><br>
<p>Dalton&#39;s work has international recognition, is widely published and is included in key texts on the history of architecture, including:</p><br>
<p>Banister Fletcher, "A History of Architecture"</p><br>
<p>J.M. Freeland, "Architecture in Australia: A History"</p><br>
<p>Richard Apperly, et al. "A Pictorial Guide to Identifying Australian Architecture"</p><br>
<p>The project was commissioned by the Queensland Department of Public Works on behalf of the Education Department. Within the Queensland Department of Public Works the project was overseen by the Ukrainian-born architect Peter Prystupa (1920-1989) who trained in Vienna during and after World War II. In 1949 he emigrated to Queensland where he upgraded his European training to meet local practice requirements at the University of Queensland, joining the Works Department in 1953. In the 1970s Prystupa was responsible for commissioning architects with established reputations for good design, including John Dalton, Robin Gibson, James Birrell and Darvall Miller. Prystupa is said to have countered the opposition of the conservative (Country Party) Queensland Government of that time, to the Kelvin Grove project by emphasising that the housing was primarily intended for country students.</p><br>
<p>In 1987, the responsibility for Technical and Further Education was transferred from the Department of Education to the Department of Employment, Vocational Education and Training. In the 1990s, approaches were made by the Queensland University of Technology to purchase the complex. These were initially rejected but in September 1993, the complex was transferred for $4 million -considerably less than the replacement cost.</p><br>
<p>In the original scheme, five clusters of residential units were constructed around the community building. Three of these clusters were demolished in 2002 as part of the redevelopment of the site for the Kelvin Grove Urban Village.</p><br>
<p>As at 2014, the student residence complex is not in active use, occasionally used by the university for storage or temporary offices.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Unlike earlier halls of residence, the accommodation at Kelvin Grove is provided in small domestic-scaled buildings. These are dispersed on the steeply sloping southern sides of a southward sloping valley at the corner of Blamey Street and Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove. The accommodation units with south-east to north-east orientation are clustered in two groups together with accommodation for tutors and laundry facilities. These groups are arranged informally around the community services building which is a focus of the complex. This central core is sited at the top of the complex which steps to suit the topography and is interconnected with the accommodation by pathways.</p><br>
<p>The overall impression is of a hillside village with a high degree of unity resulting from the repetitive use of pitched metal deck roofs, walls of white painted bagged cavity brick masonry and timber elements - pergolas, balustrades and lattice screens all stained dark brown. The broken profile of roofs scattered and staggered over the steep slope and the consequent changing perspective together with the remnant regrowth eucalypt vegetation reinforced by landscaping based on Australian native species providing shade and shadow to white washed walls all serve to visually enliven the courtyard spaces and pathways on the site.</p><br>
<h3>Community Services Building</h3><br>
<p>The community services building is a two storey building which steps down the site and houses a communal dining room, recreation areas and support facilities on the upper level with store rooms and more recently enclosed areas on the lower level to house student counselling services. The building has a large open timber trussed roof and sloping ceilings lined with straw board panels. Pergolas provide shade to several outdoor areas.</p><br>
<h3>Residences</h3><br>
<p>The residences are divided into two clusters. One cluster comprises four two-storey 4-person maisonettes and one single storey 4-person tutorial unit, while the second cluster contains five two storey 4-person maisonettes and one single storey 4-person tutorial unit. Both clusters have their own laundry and one of the maisonettes in the first cluster had a paraplegic unit.</p><br>
<p>Each maisonette has two bedrooms per floor with the entry, kitchenette and bathroom adjacent to the half landing of a dogleg stair. A timber framed cantilevered verandah with lattice panelled end walls is provided to the upper bedrooms with a corresponding paved area to the lower floor bedrooms. Additional natural light is provided to the common areas and upper bedrooms through clerestory lighting.</p><br>
<p>The tutorial units comprise four sleeping areas, a bathroom, kitchenette and study and tutorial areas on one level with timber pergolas providing shade to openings.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The TAFE Hall of Residence at Kelvin Grove were listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 25 February 2004 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former Hall of Residence at the QUT Campus at Kelvin Grove demonstrates the pattern of development of the provision of improved facilities for Technical and Further Education in Queensland. It also provides evidence of the development of a climatically responsive architecture.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The project is an uncommon and intact example of a public commission by the architect John Dalton. It exhibits the principal characteristics of his work in the 1970s and demonstrates the successful adaptation and continuity of the themes that he had developed in his body of residential work into the public realm - the marked differentiation between the contained and more open parts of buildings achieved by changes in materials and contrasts between solid core of white painted masonry and the brown stained timbers of verandahs and pergolas, and angled white walls and pitched roof forms projected at various angles in a distinctive response to the Queensland climate.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The former Hall of Residence at Kelvin Grove is an innovative example of student residential accommodation with a distinctive, relaxed and informal composition, and the complex is of recognised quality and interest which has won architectural awards, been widely published and exhibited internationally.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The former Hall of Residence at Kelvin Grove is an innovative example of student residential accommodation with a distinctive, relaxed and informal composition, and the complex is of recognised quality and interest which has won architectural awards, been widely published and exhibited internationally.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The complex is an important example of a public commission by the Queensland architect John Dalton who was a pre-eminent Australian architect of the 1960s and 1970s renowned for his residential work and innovation in climatic design.</p><br>
<p>Kelvin Grove Fig Trees and Air Raid Shelter are heritage-listed trees and air raid shelter at 104A Kelvin Grove Road, Kelvin Grove, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was built from to 1942. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 31 May 2005.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The fig trees along Kelvin Grove Road at the Normanby Fiveways, Marshall Park and Prospect Terrace, were planted either during the late 19th or early 20th centuries. It is possible that some may be associated with the work of Ithaca Divisional Board and Ithaca Shire Councillor Silvanus White, who reputedly planted many trees in the Ithaca district in the late 19th century. However, they are more likely to be associated with the Ithaca Town Council&#39;s extensive programme of town improvement and beautification in the early 20th century.</p><br>
<p>During the 1850s a track passing through Kelvin Grove northwards to Newmarket, Enoggera and Cash&#39;s Crossing was known as the Northern Road, and remained the major route northwards from Brisbane until Bowen Bridge was constructed in the early 1860s. By 1881 the "track" was known as the Kelvin Grove Road.</p><br>
<p>On survey plans of the 1860s, the Kelvin Grove area was marked as the "Three Mile Scrub". In February 1865 forty portions of one to two acres were surveyed between Kelvin Grove and Waterworks Roads, stretching from the Normanby Fiveways to Enoggera Creek. By the end of August that year some of these portions along Kelvin Grove Road had been subdivided into residential allotments ranging in size from twenty to thirty perches, up to a half acre or so. Local subdivision into small housing lots continued for decades, resulting in an early 20th century townscape denuded of vegetation.</p><br>
<p>By 1881 the urban population within suburbs such as Kelvin Grove had grown so much that Queenslands Registrar-General was referring to the city centre and its surrounding suburbs as the metropolitan city of Brisbane. Despite this population growth, the Municipality of Brisbane had annexed no suburban land. Nor had any of the suburban communities surrounding the city centre sought incorporation under Queenslands existing municipal provisions. Therefore, the Queensland Government imposed local government, creating during late 1879 and early 1880 a number of Divisions ringing the city centre.</p><br>
<p>Ithaca Division, which included the districts of Windsor and Enoggera as well as Kelvin Grove, Red Hill, Paddington and Milton, was created in November 1879, Kelvin Grove Road forming the eastern boundary with Booroodabin Division. In September 1887 Ithaca Division was subdivided into Ithaca, Windsor and Enoggera Shires, with Kelvin Grove remaining within Ithaca Shire.</p><br>
<p>During the second half of the 1880s a more crowded urban core and a developing public transport system encouraged land subdivision and suburban expansion in Brisbane, including northwest to Kelvin Grove. By 1888 the Normanby Fiveways had become a busy centre. Tramlines were laid along Kelvin Grove Road during 1897 to 1901, and by the end of 1903 the tram service extended along Kelvin Grove as far as the corner of Edmonstone Road, handy to the Newmarket Hotel.</p><br>
<p>Ithaca Shire was proclaimed a town in 1902. For virtually its entire existence, Ithaca Town Council pursued a policy of creating a distinctive and aesthetically pleasing environment, and of providing civic amenities such as parks and playgrounds. The Council&#39;s street beautification strategy is probably best known for the creation of Ithaca embankment gardens during the 1910s and 1920s, some of which remain along thoroughfares such as Musgrave and Windsor Roads. However, the planting of street trees by the Council, community organisations and individual residents also featured in many annual Mayoral reports.</p><br>
<p>Ithaca Town Council minutes for December 1908 referred to suggestions from trustees of the sports ground now known as EE McCaskie Park, on the eastern side of Kelvin Grove Road, for the planting of trees. In July 1909 the minutes recorded an offer by the proprietor of the Normanby Hotel to contribute £10 towards tree planting at the Normanby Fiveways. The fig trees on Kelvin Grove Road at the Normanby appear to have been planted around this time, judging from subsequent Mayoral reports.</p><br>
<p>Reporting for 1909, Ithaca Mayor George Hall outlined how Shade trees have been planted at the Normanby, along the Kelvin Grove Road... Alterations were made to a number of tree guards to prevent the continual destruction of young growing trees. The cost of planting and protecting the trees at the Normanby is shared by the ratepayer whose property they will most improve. The Mayor did not specify whether the damage was wreaked by people, horses, vehicles, or the plentiful goats.</p><br>
<p>The widened road reserve now known as Marshall Park existed by 1893. Named for local Alderman H. Marshall and formerly known as the Kelvin Grove Playground, Marshall Park has long been used for children&#39;s recreation, although not officially reserved as a park and named, until 1978. An unsourced newspaper clipping held by John Oxley Library, dated 9 September 1922, includes a photograph which seems to show the fig trees in Marshall Park. A line of eight trees is already well-grown, reaching a height approximately three times that of a passing vehicle. Brisbane City Council plans for McCaskie Oval drawn in 1949 represent nine trees along the western side of Kelvin Grove Road. Photographs taken in 1958 confirm their large size by the middle of the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The Prospect Terrace triangular section of road reserve was marked on the 1901 Musgrave Road Tramway Estate map. At the instigation of the Brisbane City Council efforts were made to close the road reserve at the corner of Prospect Terrace and declare it a reserve for park purposes, but negotiations have not been concluded.</p><br>
<p>The urban improvement works carried out by Ithaca Town Council extended over two decades. They included the planting of street trees by the Council itself, sealing of roads and improvements to footpaths and drainage. More mundane works such as forming and metalling, laying concrete kerbing and channelling, and footpath widening along Kelvin Grove Road were carried out over a number of years. The road featured in the surviving Mayoral reports for 1917, 1918 and 1921. The report of 1917 had commented that Kelvin Grove Road was very rough in places. By 1921 Mayor John Tait could report that Kelvin Grove Road had been metalled to the Town boundary.</p><br>
<p>During the decade after the planting of the Normanby trees, Council continued to report the encouragement, and practical assistance, given to individuals and community organisations wanting to plant more street trees. In 1917 the Milton and Rosalie Improvement Association had submitted a request to Council for the planting of avenues of trees along Baroona Road and Nash Street. During 1921, the Town Council reported planting 147 trees. Furthermore, Tait reported that the residents are taking much more interest in the beautification of the Town, and already we have two streets in which trees are to be planted by the residents themselves. And for 1923, Tait reported that the many small reserves and little gardens about the Town are looking well and do credit to our gardener, Mr Jolly. During 1924 the community planted trees along Mary, Moreton and Castlemaine Streets.</p><br>
<p>On the basis of the interest taken by the former Ithaca Town Council in landscaping and town beautification projects during the period 1902-1925, and available photographic evidence, it seems most likely that the fig trees which survive along Kelvin Grove Road between the Normanby Fiveways and Prospect Terrace, were planted during this period.</p><br>
<p>The Brisbane City Council built the concrete shelter at Kelvin Grove as an air raid shelter in 1942. On 7 December 1941, the United States of America entered World War Two following the bombing of the American fleet at Pearl Harbour in Hawaii by Japanese carrier-borne aircraft. England and its Commonwealth had been at war with Germany since September 1939, but now the war was truly global. The Japanese first bombed Darwin on 19 February 1942 and 14,000 Australians were taken prisoner following the fall of Singapore. Plans to defend Australia from an anticipated Japanese invasion and to use Queensland as a support base for the conduct of the Pacific war were implemented quickly. Australian and American personnel poured into Queensland and urgently required a wide range of new buildings and facilities.</p><br>
<p>The Brisbane City Council took responsibility for Air Raid Precautions activities, including establishing an Air Raid Warden system, firefighting systems and constructing air raid shelters. Aboveground salt water pipes were laid along city streets to aid in firefighting. On Christmas Eve, 1941, each Australian State&#39;s Emergency Committee issued instructions for government, private employers and private households to immediately start building shelters. Slit trenches were built in parks and schoolyards, windows were taped, and brownouts were applied to buildings.</p><br>
<p>In the Protection of Persons and Property Order No.1, gazetted 23 December 1941, Premier William Forgan Smith, with powers conferred by Regulation 35a, National Security (General) Regulations, ordered the Brisbane City Council to construct 200 public surface shelters in the city area. Work had already started on 15 December, and later another 75 shelters were ordered. However, only 235 air raid shelters were constructed, the building programme being 90% complete by June 1942. In addition, around three kilometres of covered trenches were constructed in public parks, in 13 projects, including 315 metres of concrete-pipe covered trench in the City Botanic Gardens, and 150m of the same in Victoria Park. It was believed that one person could be accommodated by each foot of trench. In addition to the public shelters, the Brisbane City Council also constructed shelters for leased wharves and council properties, including at the Stanley Wharf, Circular Quay Wharves 2,3 and 4, Norman Wharf, and Musgrave Wharf. Shelters were built under the Story Bridge, for Kangaroo Point shipbuilding workers, and five shelters were constructed on behalf of the Bureau of Industry at the Howard Smith Wharves.</p><br>
<p>The Protection of Persons and Property Order No.1 was applied statewide, and outside Brisbane another 24 Local Authorities in Queenslands coastal areas were ordered to produce surface or trench shelters for the public, to be built according to the Air Raid Shelter Code laid down in the Second Schedule of Order No.1. Initially, 20 of the Local Authorities were expected to construct a minimum total of 133 surface shelters, which were supposed to be able to withstand the blast of a 500-pound bomb bursting 50 feet away. Four other Local Authorities would only build trenches. However, after plans were amended, 23 Local Authorities outside Brisbane, excluding Thursday Island, ended up possessing a total of 129 public shelters: 123 surface and six underground. This effort had cost £56,596. Where Local Authorities were unwilling or unable to build the required number of code-compliant shelters, in some cases because they had already begun erecting other shelters, the Department of Public Works became responsible for the shelters construction. However, this led to problems when the Department tried to recoup half of the cost from the Local Authorities in question. Townsville, Toowoomba, Gladstone, and Ayr denied any liability for costs, and a Bill had to be passed in December 1942 to force their compliance. The Ayr Shire Council had claimed that the shelters would be death traps during an air raid.</p><br>
<p>Of the 235 surface shelters built in Brisbane for the public, 21 survive and are still owned by the Brisbane City Council. One of the shelters, on Queens Wharf Road, is a site-specific "special" variation of the standard pillbox design. It is listed in the Queensland Heritage Register as part of the entry for the porphyry retaining wall on William Street. The other 20 public shelters owned by the Brisbane City Council can be divided into three types of pillbox intended for conversion after the war: "park", "bus", and "bus (stone)". They were designed to serve as structures such as bus waiting shelters or shade structures for parks, with some or all of the perimeter blast walls to be removed, leaving the concrete slab roof, floor slab and piers. The reusable pillboxes were designed to hold 70 people, as were the non-reusable standard pillboxes.</p><br>
<p>Frank Gibson Costello, Brisbane City Council City Architect between 1941 and 1952, was responsible for the design of the surface air raid shelters, and his variants of the standard pillbox were designed to provide a post-war utility for at least part of the Councils shelter building programme. In an address delivered to the Constitutional Club in Brisbane on February 1942, Costello noted that "if the emergency for their use does not arise...(unused shelters)... remain in brick and concrete, in many cases having no further value and being a possible source of nuisance. He added that I can assure you that wherever it is possible, without sacrificing the primary requirements of shelter from air attack, I have endeavoured in our Council buildings to so plan the shelters that they will fit into schemes of improvement which we hope will proceed immediately after the war". Costellos work was characterised by the use of an architectural language inspired by the modern movement in architecture. This movement pursued the rational use of modern materials and principles of functionalist planning and established a visual aesthetic largely inspired by the machine. It was part of an architecture employing the language of vertical and horizontal volumes and planes, floating flat roofs, masses set against voids and monumentality. Though modest in scale and form, the design of the shelters is characteristic of work in this idiom. The reusable shelters were often sited under fig trees, to aid in camouflage.</p><br>
<p>The first of Costellos reusable designs is the pillbox with double- cantilevered roof slab, or "park" type shelter. In an original list of all the shelters constructed by the Brisbane City Council, these were simply labelled as "cantilever". They had four central piers supporting the roof slab, which allowed for the removal of the four blast walls after the war. There was an entrance at each end of the front wall, where an internal wall extended into the shelter. If the walls were made of brick, the shelters dimension was 409" by 133" by 86" high, and if concrete was used the dimensions were 40 by 126" by 86" high. The difference was due to the fact that the brick walls finished in line with the top of the roof slab, covering the fascia, whereas the concrete walls finished at the soffit of the roof slab, flush with the fascia. The minimum wall thickness for brick was set at 13.5", and 12" for concrete. The roof slab was intended to have at least four inches of concrete.</p><br>
<p>Of the 37 reusable shelters listed as being of the park type only 17 survive: one at Hefferan Park in Annerley; two at Albert Park; two at Wickham Park; one in Buranda Playground in Woolloongabba; two in Raymond Park in Kangaroo Point; and one each at Kelvin Grove, Morningside, Nundah, Stones Corner, and Windsor. Four other shelters stand on East Street and Wickham Street in Fortitude Valley. Most are used as simple park shelters, as intended, but the shelter at Nundah has been modified as a toilet block, and the shelter at Kelvin Grove is used as a bus shelter (as distinct from those shelters in the next category, which were specifically designed as "bus" type shelters). About half of the surviving park shelters had concrete blast walls, while half used brick.</p><br>
<p>The second design was the pillbox with single-cantilevered roof slab, or "bus" type shelter, as it was called in the original Brisbane City Council list. These were designed so that the three brick blast walls could be removed after the war, leaving a concrete back wall and five brick piers at the front. Again, entrances were at each end of the front wall. Of the 19 "bus" types listed only two survive, at Newmarket and Newstead.</p><br>
<p>The third design was also a "bus" type shelter, but it was built with a stone rear wall, instead of concrete, and six stone piers were later added, instead of five brick piers. The three brick blast walls could be removed as normal. Two of these "colonnade" types were built- referred to in the Brisbane City Council list as "bus (stone)"- and only one survives, at King Edward Park.</p><br>
<p>Most of the Brisbane structures built for the war were removed at the end of World War Two. The saltwater mains, slit trenches, and sirens disappeared, as did the many standard pillboxes that had stood in the middle of the streets of the Central Business District. 156 standard pillboxes were built, but none of the surviving public shelters in Brisbane City Council ownership are of that design. Of the 21 special shelters, only the one on Queens Wharf Road survives. However, of Costellos 58 reusable public surface shelters, 20 have survived; the removal of their blast walls, as planned, had given them a renewed purpose. The workers shelters at the Story Bridge Hotel and Howard Smith Wharves also still exist.</p><br>
<p>The blast walls of the air raid shelter at Kelvin Grove were removed according to plan after World War Two, although evidence of the location of the walls is still visible. The shelter piers have been painted and seating has been introduced.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Fig Trees are growing in three separate but linked locations within a length of one kilometre along Kelvin Grove Road, from the Normanby Fiveways to Prospect Terrace. They create an important sense of approach to the Brisbane central business district along Kelvin Grove, which is one of the city&#39;s major arterial roads.</p><br>
<p>The Normanby grouping comprises five (5) mature Weeping Figs (Ficus benjamina) on a median strip between the inward and outbound lanes of Kelvin Grove Road. Despite road widening and the new fly-over Inner City Bypass, the trees still dominate the local streetscape. A turning lane divides the group into two sections comprising two trees nearest the Normanby and another three to the north.</p><br>
<p>At Marshall Park - a narrow island of parkland along the western side of Kelvin Grove Road, north of the Victoria Street intersection - seven (7) Hill&#39;s Fig Trees (Ficus microcarpa var. hillii) line the eastern side of the reserve bordering Kelvin Grove Road. Prior to 1978, when the reserve was proclaimed, the trees on part of the Kelvin Grove Road reserve. Beneath these figs are grassed areas with playground equipment. The trees provide a barrier between the busy road and the residences to the west, as well as greatly enhancing the character and visual amenity of this area.</p><br>
<p>The Prospect Terrace grouping comprises three (3) Weeping Figs (Ficus benjamina) on the road reserve at the corner of Prospect Terrace and Kelvin Grove Road. This triangular plot also hosts several other species including palms, and the air raid shelter, now used as a bus shelter.</p><br>
<p>The shelter is a rectangular concrete structure comprising a heavy floor slab and a flat roof supported by four concrete piers. A fig tree branch has grown down onto, and then along, the top of the roof slab. It accommodates two freestanding seats, bolted to the floor, in each end bay. Paving abuts the floor slab to the south and west.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Kelvin Grove Fig Trees and Air Raid Shelter was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 31 May 2005 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The fig trees are important in demonstrating the pattern of Queensland history, specifically several decades of continuing commitment by the Ithaca Town Council to municipal development, urban improvement and beautification, and the encouragement offered by the Council to local residents for the greening of Ithaca which had been denuded during five decades of intensive subdivision and building. The Kelvin Grove air raid shelter is important as a part of the Air Raid Precaution activities that were implemented for the defence of Brisbane during World War Two. Designed to afford protection to the civilian population of Brisbane in the event of air raid attacks or other emergencies, the air raid shelter located at the corner of Kelvin Grove Road and Prospect Terrace is important in demonstrating the impact of World War Two on the civilian population of Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>Although many air raid shelters were constructed during World War Two in Queensland, comparatively few survive. Also, there are not many types of structures built by the Brisbane City Council during World War Two, for wartime purposes, which survive.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The shelter&#39;s solid construction, rectangular shape, and its siting near a population concentration, demonstrate the principal characteristics of a World War Two Brisbane public air raid shelter.</p><br>
<p>The air raid shelter is important as an example of the wartime work of the City Architect&#39;s Office and particularly the work of City Architect F.G. Costello.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The trees are important because of their aesthetic significance. Lining a major arterial road, these large and mature fig trees are significant as defining one of the gateways to the centre of Brisbane. Despite recent major road construction, the fig trees still dominate the streetscape in their respective locations, providing welcome shade with a distinctly subtropical atmosphere.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period.</p><br>
<p>The Kelvin Grove air raid shelter, now used as a bus shelter, demonstrates the secondary uses that were part of the original design intention. The shelter is a durable example of innovative design and use of concrete technology during World War Two.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The trees are valued by the modern community for their streetscape value, as was demonstrated by extensive community protest in 1996 when the Brisbane City Council proposed cutting down two adjacent fig trees for street widening.</p><br>
<p>Waldegrave Islands is an island group in the Australian state of South Australia located in the Investigator Group about 2.5 km northwest by west of Cape Finniss on the west coast of Eyre Peninsula. The group consists of Waldegrave Island, Little Waldegrave Island and according to some sources, a pair of rocks known as the Watchers. The group is notable as a breeding site for Australian sea lions and Cape Barren geese. The group has enjoyed protected area status since the 1960s and as of 1972 has been part of the Waldegrave Islands Conservation Park.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Waldegrave Islands is an island group located about 2.5 km northwest by west of Cape Finniss and about 8.5 km northwest by west of the town of Elliston on the west coast of Eyre Peninsula in South Australia.</p><br>
<p>The group consist of the following islands: Waldegrave Island (also called East Waldegrave Island and East Island in some sources), Little Waldegrave Island (also called West Waldegrave Island, West Island and Seal Island in some sources) and according to some sources, a pair of rocks known as the Watchers.</p><br>
<p>Both islands can be accessed via the rocky coast on their northern sides which is sheltered from southerly swells.</p><br>
<h3>Waldegrave Island</h3><br>
<p>Waldegrave Island is a flat topped island with steep sides having a length of about 3.5 km (in the east-west direction), a maximum height in the range of 37 - and an area of 292 hectare. Its east coast which is about 1.5 km long is terminated at the north east with a point named McLachlan Point and the south by a point named Point Watson. It overlaps the seaward boundary of Anxious Bay as proclaimed by the Australian government in 1987 and again in 2006 under the Seas and Submerged Lands Act 1973.</p><br>
<h3>Little Waldegrave Island</h3><br>
<p>Little Waldegrave Island is located about 1 km west of Waldegrave Island. It is a flat topped island with steep sides having a length of about 1 km (in the east-west direction), a maximum height in the range of 25 m and an area of 32 hectare.</p><br>
<h3>The Watchers</h3><br>
<p>The Watchers are a pair of rocks that are spaced about 1 nmi apart and which are located about 1.7 nmi west of Little Waldegrave Island. The western rock has a charted height of 7 m and is reported in another source as being 7.3 m. The eastern rock is charted chart as an intertidal reef.</p><br>
<h2>Formation, geology and oceanography</h2><br>
<p>The Waldegrave Islands were formed about 6000 years ago following the rise of sea levels at the start of the Holocene.</p><br>
<p>The Waldegrave Islands consists of a ‘crystalline basement (covered by calcareous aeolianite of varying thickness)’ which outcrops to a height of 5 m on Little Waldegrave Island and which exists as a submerged reef connecting both islands. The Waldegrave Islands are considered to be ‘remnants of a once more prominent Cape Finnis(s)’ with the ‘remains of the bridging isthmus lie as a submerged reef connecting Cape Finnis(s)’ to Waldegrave Island at its north-eastern tip.</p><br>
<p>The Watchers are reported geologically as being ‘two isolated outcrops of crystalline rocks’.</p><br>
<p>Waters around Waldegrave and Little Waldegrave Islands drop to depths of 15 - within about 300 - of its north, west and south coasts. Its east coast drops into water of depths between 5 - due to the presence of the submerged reef structure between it and Cape Finniss.</p><br>
<p>The Watchers are associated with a submerged reef system independent of that underlying the Waldegrave and Little Waldegrave Islands. Waters adjoining the Watchers drop to depths of 15 m within about 300 m immediately south and west of the western rock and about 600 m to its north east.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<h3>Flora</h3><br>
<p>A survey carried out during 1979 on Waldegrave Island found 26 species of plant that occurred in the following ‘five distinctive groupings’: introduced pasture, ‘heavy infestations of African Boxthorn and native shrublands of native juniper and coast daisy-bush and saltbush.</p><br>
<p>A survey carried out in 1980 on Little Waldegrave Island found southern seaheath, sea celery and nine other species of plant including ‘colonising weeds such as African boxthorn and common iceplant’.</p><br>
<h3>Fauna</h3><br>
<p>A Survey carried out during 1979 on Waldegrave Island found the following species of birds: short-tailed shearwater, Cape Barren geese, masked plover, galah, white-fronted chat, little grassbird, Australian kestrel, black-faced shag, sooty oystercatcher, white-bellied sea eagle, various gulls and terns, and barn owl which prey on the population of bush rat.</p><br>
<p>A survey carried out in 1980 on Little Waldegrave Island found a population of Australian sea lions and five species of birds including rock parrot, Cape Barren geese and little penguin.</p><br>
<p>Surveys carried out on Little Waldegrave Island between February 2001 and May 2006 confirm the presence of the following bird species: white-faced heron, eastern reef egret, white-bellied sea eagle, swamp harrier, peregrine falcon, nankeen kestrel, common greenshank, ruddy turnstone, red-necked stint, masked lapwing, rock parrot, sacred kingfisher, white-fronted chat, Australian raven, Richard&#39;s pipit, welcome swallow, silvereye and common starling.</p><br>
<h4>Australian sea lion</h4><br>
<p>Little Waldegrave Island is the site of a breeding colony of Australian sea lion. As of 1999, the population was reported as being 38.</p><br>
<h4>Cape Barren geese</h4><br>
<p>As of 1996, the Waldegrave Islands were considered to be the ’second most important breeding area’ for Cape Barren geese in South Australia and as having a breeding population of 20 pairs. As of 1999, the geese were reported as having a population of 350 and as staying ‘in the Elliston area for the summer, feeding in swamps around the margins of Lake Newland and on grain in wheat paddocks’.</p><br>
<h4>Little penguin</h4><br>
<p>The Waldegrave Islands have been reported as the site of a little penguin breeding colony. As of 1999, 300 pairs were reported in 1996 as being present on Waldegrave Island. As of 2006, the populations on Waldegrave and Little Waldegrave Islands were estimated as being respectively 600 in 2006 and as being ‘common’ in 1979.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>European discovery and use</h3><br>
<p>Matthew Flinders named the island group after William Waldegrave, 1st Baron Radstock on Wednesday, 10 February 1802.</p><br>
<p>The Waldegrave Islands is one of the island sites from which guano was mined under licence from the South Australian Government prior to 1919.</p><br>
<p>Prior to 1967, Waldegrave Island was used for grazing.</p><br>
<h2>Protected areas status</h2><br>
<p>The Waldegrave Islands first received protected area status as a fauna reserve under the Fauna Conservation Act 1964 either on 1 September 1966 or 3 March 1967. The Waldegrave Islands along with the Watchers were proclaimed as a conservation park under the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972 in 1972.</p><br>
<p>AMA House is a heritage-listed villa at 188 L&#39;Estrange Terrace, Kelvin Grove, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was built from to. It is also known as BMA House and Hunstanton. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 4 July 1995.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This two-storeyed stone house was erected for William Mandeville Ellis L&#39;Estrange, a prominent electrical engineer who arrived in Queensland in 1887.</p><br>
<p>Family records note that from the late 1870s until the early 1890s, LEstrange worked as an assistant to the Surveyor for the Logan District, during which time he also owned and farmed land in the Upper Coomera district. In 1893 LEstrange commenced work with Edward Barton of the electrical firm Barton and White. In 1896 L&#39;Estrange left Australia to study in England and Germany, later working for the General Electric Company in the United States of America.</p><br>
<p>LEstrange returned to Brisbane probably during the late 1890s, and became Secretary of the Brisbane Electric Supply Company Limited, which was reconstructed to become the City Electric Light Company in 1904. From the early 1900s until the late 1930s, LEstrange maintained his involvement with electricity supply in the Brisbane area, serving as Secretary of the Ipswich Electric Supply Company and as a Director of the City Electric Light Company. LEstrange was also a prominent member of the Queensland Institute of Engineers, and of the Brisbane division of the Institution of Engineers, Australia. During the late 1920s and early 1930s LEstrange was also involved with the University of Queensland Senate.</p><br>
<p>In 1900 LEstrange married Mary Emmeline Alder, daughter of EH Alder, Chief Inspector of Public Works for Queensland. LEstrange had acquired the land on which Huntstanton was erected by mid 1914.</p><br>
<p>The architect of Huntstanton is not known, although family records speculate that the house was possibly designed by either LEstrange or Barton, a relative of LEstrange. The stone for the house was quarried reputedly at The Gap. It has been suggested that L&#39;Estrange owned quarries at The Gap and at Grovely. It is understood that the verandah, hall and other indoor tiles were imported from either Italy or France, whilst the roof tiles bear the imprint of their manufacture in Marseilles, France.</p><br>
<p>Family history records that for a short time the LEstranges lived with Marys mother in Clyde Road Herston, moving to Huntstanton.</p><br>
<p>In 1929 LEstrange sold Huntstanton to Brisbane medical practitioner Dr James Vincent Duhig, nephew of Archbishop James Duhig. Duhig had studied medicine at Sydney University, prior to serving as a medical officer in the Australian Imperial Forces from 1917 until 1919. Following the war Duhig studied pathology at Kings College Hospital in London, before returning to Australia where he practiced as a pathologist from 1920, and established pathology laboratories at the Mater Misericordiae Hospital also in 1920, and at the Brisbane General Hospital in 1924. Duhig is described as being a militant campaigner for the establishment of a medical school at the University of Queensland, and in 1938 he became the first professor of pathology at the University. Duhig also founded the Red Cross Blood Bank in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>In October 1955, Duhig offered Huntstanton for sale to the then Queensland Branch of the British Medical Association (BMA).</p><br>
<p>The inaugural meeting of the Queensland Branch of the BMA was held in Brisbane in May 1894, the role of the association being to advance the cause of medical science. There had previously been three attempts to form a medical association in Queensland; in 1871, 1882 and in 1886 as the Queensland Medical Society which eventually amalgamated with the Queensland Branch of the BMA in 1900. The first headquarters of the Queensland Branch of the BMA was a property in Adelaide Street, acquired by the association in 1912. In 1936 the association moved to a building on Wickham Terrace, which it named BMA House. By the 1950s, additional facilities were required by the association, and estimates were prepared for the erection of a new building on land behind BMA House.</p><br>
<p>Following Duhigs offer in 1955, the association rescinded its plans to develop the Wickham Terrace property, and purchased Huntstanton, renaming it BMA House. Possibly also a factor influencing the associations decision, was the location of Huntstanton in close proximity to both the city and the Brisbane Hospital and the Medical School. The first meeting of the association in its new premises was held in December 1957. The name of the building was changed to AMA House in 1963, reflecting the change from the BMA to the Australian Medical Association.</p><br>
<p>A hall and additional office space was required by the early 1960s, and plans were prepared by the firm of Lange Powell, Dods and Thorpe for a new building to the northwest of AMA House. The new building was connected to AMA House via a walkway, and was officially opened in 1965, becoming the main administration building for the AMA. Alterations undertaken to AMA House have included the erection of partitions, and enclosing the verandah along the northeast side of the building with glass.</p><br>
<p>The AMA continues to use AMA House as a venue for meetings and functions, and a library/archive is also located in the building. Parts of the ground and first floor area are presently (May 1995) leased to private firms.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>AMA House is a two storeyed house, with external faces clad in rough-cut granite. The building is on the highest part of the block, facing NNE, with expansive views of the surrounding suburbs. The property is entered via a driveway from LEstrange Terrace which extends to the front of house. A large granite fence, with a tall circular fence post, bounds the property from LEstrange Terrace on the eastern side of the driveway. Several large, established trees and early gardens are found around the house.</p><br>
<p>AMA House is asymmetrically arranged, with a T-shaped plan running east-west, with the transverse section at the western end. The house has a gabled roof with overhanging eaves, of Marsailles terracotta interlocking tiles, with several variously shaped sections emphasising elements of the plan. The house has steel members used in otherwise loadbearing construction.</p><br>
<p>The northern elevation features an attached circular tower at the eastern end, protruding over the roof line. The tower, which is a feature element of the exterior of the house, is roofed with an onion shaped copper tiled dome, surmounted by a simple finial. A large crest carved into the face of the granite and partially painted red, is featured on the tower, directly below the dome. At the western end of the northern facade, is a full length projecting circular bay, similar in size and scale to the tower at the other end. The bay features window openings with curved glass and leadlight glazing. The western facade features a rectangular oriel window on the first storey, supported on oversized carved granite corbels. Below this is the principal entrance to the lower floor, through double timber doors, large enough for use as garage doors.</p><br>
<p>The first floor of the building forms the original principal living and dining space, and the lower floor housed a garage or carriage storage, the kitchen and possibly servant&#39;s quarters. The main entrance to the house is on the northern facade, via a curved concrete stair, which terminates at a small porch on the first floor. The porch, emphasised by a discrete conical, copper tiled roof, is defined by pairs of turned timber columns joined by a timber frieze. The timber balustrade of the porch is integrated with a seating element.</p><br>
<p>The first floor of the house has a reasonably open plan, which later walls have disguised to some extent. A large verandah on the north side of the house and a breezeway through the house to a morning room, to the south of the entrance form the open spaces, which are different in treatment to the rooms. The verandah, which accounts for nearly half of the width of the house, has large arched openings, with rough-cut granite quoining, with marble sill. These openings are also found in the morning room. Ceramic tiles are found on both the floor and walls of the verandah, black and white chequer-pattern tiles on the floor and glossy brown tiles, with painted feature tiles, to dado height on the walls.</p><br>
<p>The breezeway is interrupted by an early concrete storage space around which a timber stair to the lower floor winds. The first floor has several elements of high quality timber joinery including architraves, window framing and skirtings. The lower floor is a more rudimentary space, with lower ceilings, very little decorative treatment and plain concrete dividing walls.</p><br>
<p>The house adjoins a more recent building via a walkway from an existing opening on the first floor.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>AMA House was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 4 July 1995 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The house provides early evidence of internal open planning.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The construction technique, including the steel members used in the framing and the granite cladding is unusual for a house of the 1910s.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The house is a good example of architecture influenced by the Arts and Crafts movement and adapted to tropical climate.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>AMA House has considerable aesthetic value, the external massing, materials and detailing which combine to create a picturesque quality.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Erected by William LEstrange, a prominent electrical engineer involved in the supply of electricity in Brisbane during the early twentieth century, and located on LEstrange Terrace, AMA House has an association with L&#39;Estrange.</p><br>
<p>AMA House is also important for its associations with prominent Brisbane Doctor, JV Duhig, and the Queensland Branch of the Australian Medical Association.</p><br>
<p>The Ban Karai Pass  is a mountain pass in the Annamite Range between northern Vietnam and Laos, located approximately 60 km southwest of Đồng Hới and 115 km northwest of Quảng Trị, Vietnam. The pass is 418 m above sea level and connects National Road 565  in Vietnam to Route 912 in Khammouane Province in Laos.</p><br>
<p>The pass, together with the Mụ Giạ Pass was one of the principal entry points into the Ho Chi Minh Trail through Laos. Southwest of the pass in Laos was an area nicknamed "the Chokes" where several highways from the Mụ Giạ and Ban Karai passes converged.</p><br>
<p>The CIA stationed roadwatch teams near the pass to monitor Vietnamese supply activities and it became one of the prime targets of Operation Commando Hunt. Despite frequent bombing, the United States Air Force and United States Navy were never able to put the pass out of operation for any sustained period of time.</p><br>
<p>From 19 April to 24 June 1968 the USAF conducted Operation Turnpike, an intensive air interdiction campaign against the Mụ Giạ and Ban Karai Passes, that included the use of B-52 bombers. In March 1969 USAF UC-123s sprayed defoliants over a four square mile area on an approach road to the pass.</p><br>
<p>During 1968 the area around the pass was defended by numerous machine-guns and smaller calibre (23mm and 37mm) anti-aircraft artillery (AAA). In December 1970 the North Vietnamese stationed SA-2 missiles on the North Vietnamese side of the Mụ Giạ and Ban Karai Passes. By 1971 given the buildup of large calibre (57mm, 85mm and 100mm) radar-guided AAA and the presence of SA-2s, USAF AC-119 gunships and B-52s no longer operated near the pass.</p><br>
<p>During 1970 the North Vietnamese built a petroleum-oil-lubricants pipeline through the pass.</p><br>
<p>Ahoskie Downtown Historic District is a national historic district located at Ahoskie, Hertford County, North Carolina. The district encompasses 14 contributing buildings in the central business district of Ahoskie. The commercial and governmental buildings include notable examples of Classical Revival and Colonial Revival architecture dated between 1901 and the late 1930s. Notable buildings include the  United States Post Office , Garrett Hotel , W. D. Newsome Building , Hotel Comfort , Mitchell Hotel , Hertford Herald building , Bank of Ahoskie , Sawyer~Browne Furniture Company , Richard Theater , and E. L. Garrett Building .</p><br>
<p>The historic district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. It was incorporated into the Ahoskie Historic District in 2012.</p><br>
<p>Ahoskie Historic District is a national historic district located at Ahoskie, Hertford County, North Carolina. The district encompasses 604 contributing buildings, 1 contributing site, and 2 contributing structures in the central business district and surrounding residential sections of Ahoskie. The buildings include notable examples of Classical Revival, Colonial Revival, Late Gothic Revival, Tudor Revival, and Bungalow / American Craftsman architecture. The district includes the separately listed Ahoskie School and Roberts H. Jernigan House and encompasses the previously listed Ahoskie Downtown Historic District. Other notable buildings include The Tomahawk Motel , Ahoskie Food Center , Thomas Wright Hayes House , Basnight & Company Building , Ahoskie United Methodist Church , St. Thomas Episcopal Church , and North Carolina Mutual Insurance Company .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012.</p><br>
<p>Harrellsville Historic District is a national historic district located at Harrellsville, Hertford County, North Carolina. The district encompasses 69 contributing buildings, 12 contributing sites, and 4 contributing structures in the village of Harrellsville. The buildings include notable examples of Greek Revival, Queen Anne, and Bungalow / American Craftsman architecture built between about 1827 and 1945. Notable contributing resources include the Sharp Family Cemetery, Abner Harrell House , J.L. Smith House , Taylor Warehouse , Work Projects Administration built School Gymnasium  and Harrellsville School Auditorium , John Bembury Sharp House , and R.C. Mason & Son Store .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.</p><br>
<p>The former Bridgewater Town Hall and Jail are a pair of civic buildings on United States Route 1 in the center of Bridgewater, Maine. Built in 1894 and c. 1910 respectively, the buildings are the best-preserved and most architecturally distinguished of the community&#39;s surviving early civic structures. The town hall, in addition to its government functions, also hosted fraternal and social organizations, as well as community events. The buildings were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The former Bridgewater Town Hall is a two story wood frame structure, three bays in width, with a hip roof and weatherboard siding. The main (west-facing) facade has a central entrance topped by a relatively large transom window, and framed by pilasters and an entablature with cornice. The entablature and cornice are repeated at smaller scale above the sash windows that fill the remaining bays. The building&#39;s corners are decorated with pilasters, and an entablature encircles the building below broad eaves. The building is a well-preserved and little-altered example of late 19th-century civic architecture.</p><br>
<p>The main entrance leads into a vestibule area, which includes a ticket booth and a storage area. The main hall fills the rest of the first floor, with a stage at the far end. The upper level of the building has a kitchen and dining area, and a second hall which was used by fraternal organizations.</p><br>
<p>Adjacent to the town hall and on the same property stands the small jail. It is a small rectangular structure with a hip roof, fashioned from ornamental concrete blocks. It is a door at one end and a single window at the other.</p><br>
<p>Bridgewater was incorporated in 1858. Its first meeting hall was destroyed by fire, prompting construction of this building in 1894. Soon afterward, a chapter of the International Order of Odd Fellows (IOOF) was formed, which acquired ownership interest in the upper floor. It was used by the IOOF and its sister organization, the Rebekahs, and later a local Grange organization, until 1942. The town originally used the ground floor for offices and meetings, but has since moved these functions to other locations. The ground floor is now occupied by local organizations including the historical society.</p><br>
<p>The Talkeetna Historic District encompasses several blocks of the historic village center of Talkeetna, Alaska. It includes buildings on Main Street, roughly between C and D Streets, along with a few buildings on C and D Streets between Front and East First Streets. The village was established in 1916 as a regional construction headquarters of the Alaska Railroad, and became a home to area miners after the railroads completion. The district includes three buildings that date to the time of the railroad construction, and another ten that were built before 1940. Most of the buildings in the district are one or two stories in height, and are either of wood frame or log construction. Notable among them are the Fairview Inn, the towns first schoolhouse, now the Talkeetna Museum, and the Talkeetna Roadhouse, which was built as a residential log house in 1917 and expanded in the 1940s to serve as a roadhouse.</p><br>
<p>The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.</p><br>
<p>Roberts-Vaughan House is a historic home located in the Murfreesboro Historic District at Murfreesboro, Hertford County, North Carolina. It was built about 1805, as a two-story, five bay, Federal style frame dwelling with a gable roof. The front facade features a large three bay tetrastyle pedimented portico in the Greek Revival style. It was built by Benjamin Roberts, a prominent local merchant.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971.</p><br>
<p>The house is owned by the Murfreesboro Historical Association and houses its offices and the Chamber of Commerce. The Association also operates the Brady C. Jefcoat Museum, William Rea Museum, Dr. Walter Reed House, John Wheeler House, shops and the Agriculture and Transportation Museum.</p><br>
<p>William Rea Store is a historic commercial building located in the Murfreesboro Historic District at Murfreesboro, Hertford County, North Carolina. It was built about 1790, and is a two-story, three bay, brick building with a one-story, three bay wing. It is one of the oldest commercial buildings in North Carolina. It was built by William Rea, a wealthy Boston merchant.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970.</p><br>
<p>The building is owned by the Murfreesboro Historical Association and serves as its main museum site, the William Rea Museum. Exhibits include area agriculture, education, architecture, river trade, Native American life, and the lives of inventors Richard Jordan Gatling and his brother James Henry Gatling. The Association also operates the Brady C. Jefcoat Museum, tours of Dr. Walter Reed House, John Wheeler House, shops and the Agriculture and Transportation Museum. The Association&#39;s office is located in the Roberts-Vaughan House.</p><br>
<p>Roberts H. Jernigan House is a historic home located at Ahoskie, Hertford County, North Carolina. It was built in 1917-1918, and is a two-story, Southern Colonial style frame dwelling with a truncated hip roof. It is sheathed in weatherboard and features a two-story, pedimented portico flanked by one-story porches extending to sides.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001. It is located in the Ahoskie Historic District.</p><br>
<p>Roberts H. Jernigan was born in Kobe, Japan about 1890 while his father, Thomas R. Jernigan, was serving there as US consul (1885-1889) under the first administration of Grover Cleveland. Roberts father had served in the 15th North Carolina Cavalry in the US Civil War, studied law, and become active in Hertford County, North Carolina politics. In Clevelands second term, Roberts&#39; father served as US consul general to Shanghai, China (1893-1897).</p><br>
<p>Roberts married before World War I and built the Jernigan House for his young family a few years later. His son, Roberts H Jernigan, Jr, like Roberts&#39; father, worked for a time in Beijing. In the early days of World War II, Roberts Jr was captured by the Japanese and imprisoned for nearly two years, then served as an ensign in the US Navy through the end of the war. Roberts Jr subsequently served as a member of the House of Representatives of the General Assembly of North Carolina for 18 years.</p><br>
<p>The Großer Hafner is, at 3,076 m a partly glaciated mountain of the Ankogel Group in the High Tauern range, located at the border between the Austrian states of Carinthia and Salzburg. It is the easternmost three-thousander peak  of the range, and also in the entire Alps.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Hafner massif rises between the Radstadt Tauern and the Mur valley of the Salzburg Lungau region in the north and the Carinthian Malta valley in the south. It comprises Kleiner Hafner (3,018 m) and Großer Sonnblick (3,030 m) subpeaks, lying just to the southeast. In the south, the Malta valley leads to the Reißeck Group, while in the east, Katschberg Pass separates it from the neighbouring Gurktal Alps.</p><br>
<p>The Hafner summit marks the eastern rim of the geological Hohe Tauern window. It has three glaciers, with the largest on its north face, and also comprises numerous Alpine lakes. The high mountain region, formerly a mining area, recently has become a centre of hydropower economy, most notably the Kölnbrein Dam in the southwest.</p><br>
<h2>Ascent</h2><br>
<p>The mountain is not a particularly hard climb. Most trails start from the Malta valley via Kölnbrein Dam. An Alpine club hut (Kattowitzer Hütte) is located on the southern Ochsenkar slope, at an altitude of (2,320 m). The eastern ascent from Rennweg am Katschberg is even easier, but with about 15 km quite long.</p><br>
<p>The Victoria Park Golf Clubhouse is a heritage-listed former club house at 309 Herston Road, Herston, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Reyburn Jameson and built in 1931 and extended in 1939 and 1948. It is also known as the Pink Palace, after a nightclub which operated out of the building in the late 1970s and 1980s. The building now serves as offices for the Mental Illness Fellowship of Queensland. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 17 December 1999.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Victoria Park Golf Clubhouse was constructed in two stages, 1931 and 1939, as the clubhouse for Brisbane&#39;s first municipal golf links, established in Victoria Park in 1930-31.</p><br>
<p>The modern game of golf originated in Scotland in the 18th century. By the late 19th century it was popular throughout Britain, and in the 1880s and 1890s, British immigrants established golf clubs throughout the British Empire.</p><br>
<p>Golf was introduced to Queensland in the 1880s by two Scots, Francis Ivory and his brother Alexander, who laid out a six-hole course on their Eidsvold cattle station, near Gayndah. Golf courses at Ravenshoe and Townsville (1893) are the first recorded Queensland courses. The Brisbane Golf Club, formed in 1890, was the first organised golf club in Queensland. It established a course at Chelmer in 1896 and subsequently relocated to Yeerongpilly in 1904. It was a private club, attracted the patronage of Lord Lamington (Governor of Queensland 1896-1901), and until 1920 was the only golf club in Brisbane. The City Golf Club Toowoomba was formed in 1896 with a nine-hole course on Drayton Road and the Ipswich Golf Club was established in 1897.</p><br>
<p>However, golfing was not widespread in Queensland by the turn of the century. The game was the preserve of the affluent, with founders and club members mostly from professional and business sectors. High membership fees and the cost of golfing equipment often excluded the less well-to-do from the sport.</p><br>
<p>Queensland entered a period of prosperity in the 1920s, which engendered a new enthusiasm for public sport and recreation. Bowling and golfing in particularly became very popular. Many new players were women, who had gained a greater social freedom during World War I, although generally in golf clubs they were admitted as associates rather than as full members.</p><br>
<p>Several new private golf clubs were established in Brisbane in the 1920s: the Royal Queensland Golf Club at Hamilton in 1920, followed by clubs at Sandgate (1921), Wynnum (1923), Goodna (now Gailes) (1924), Indooroopilly (1926), Oxley (1928) and Nudgee (1929). A round of golf was considered to be eighteen holes but by 1929 there were only three eighteen-hole courses in Brisbane: Brisbane, Royal Queensland and Indooroopilly. The other Brisbane courses were nine-hole courses played twice to achieve the stipulated round.</p><br>
<p>In the 1920s, municipal golf courses were established throughout Australia, enabling broader social access to the game. Successful municipal courses established in Sydney (1920) and Adelaide (1922), which provided the public with affordable facilities and at the same time generated municipal revenue, stimulated moves for the creation of Queensland municipal courses. The Queensland Golfing Association, eager to foster golf in Queensland, first approached the Mayor of Brisbane in 1922 with a proposal for a nine-hole municipal course at Victoria Park. In 1924 the Toowong Town Council investigated the possibility of establishing a municipal course on One Tree Hill (Mt Coot-tha) and Taringa Shire Council also investigated developing a course, but both proposals were abandoned. In 1923 the Ipswich City Council took over the Ipswich Golf Club and established the first municipal course in Queensland, with public play commencing in 1924.</p><br>
<p>Following the formation of Greater Brisbane in 1925, the Brisbane City Council prioritised the provision of parks and public reserves, and the establishment of sport and recreation facilities within these areas. A large section of Victoria Park - established in York&#39;s Hollow in 1865 - had been reserved as the site for a new University of Queensland since, and had lain largely undeveloped. When the University announced in 1926 its decision to build at St Lucia instead, the Queensland Golf Association again raised the issue of establishing municipal golf links at Victoria Park. This time the proposal was greeted with enthusiasm by the Council. Both the first Lord Mayor of Greater Brisbane, Alderman William Jolly, and the Town Clerk, Stanley Eldred Travill, were tireless supporters for the establishment and development of the municipal golf course at Victoria Park. Jolly became the inaugural president of the Victoria Park Golf Club and remained in this office until 1934. He was made a life member in 1935 in recognition of his services to the Club. The proposal was supported also by Parks Superintendent Harry Moore, who estimated that the cost of developing the land as a park would be £50,000 to £60,000 - far in excess of the cost of establishing a golf links.</p><br>
<p>Some delay in implementation was experienced due to the slow process of transferring much of Victoria Park back to the City Council. A course was designed by Stan Francis, who laid plans before the Council in February 1930 and who supervised the laying out. Much of the work on the course was completed under the Intermittent Relief Scheme, and was well in hand by September 1930 when the council put out tenders for the construction of the clubhouse. This building was situated at the northeast corner of the course because it allowed players to return in an easterly direction, as advised by Francis. It was also close to the tram along Bowen Bridge Road, which was convenient for players. The clubhouse was designed in the office of the City Architect, Alfred Herbert Foster, with plans drawn by Assistant Architect Reyburn Jameson. The building was in the Spanish Mission style, popular for recreational interwar buildings such as bathing pavilions and picture theatres, and which had been used in the design of the Council&#39;s Moora Park Kiosk at Sandgate (erected 1928).</p><br>
<p>Work on the clubhouse commenced early in 1931, and it was ready for occupation in September. The links were completed a couple of months later, and the Victoria Park Golf Course was opened officially on 20 November 1931. Final construction cost for the course and clubhouse was £13,919 (course £9,794; clubhouse £4,125).</p><br>
<p>To ensure the successful functioning of the new course, the Victoria Park Golf Club was formed at a public meeting on 20 March 1931, at which it was confirmed that the Council provided the course, clubhouse, the salaries of a Club Secretary and Club Professional, and assumed responsibility for the upkeep of the course, while the Club members were responsible for the operations of the Club. Any casual player was entitled to play the course without joining the Club, on payment of the appropriate green fees.</p><br>
<p>The Victoria Park Golf Clubhouse boasted every modern facility, but no bar, as many members of the Council were not in favour of making alcohol available. There were protests about this lack, both as a facility to members and as a revenue-earner. The Council eventually gave permission for a bar, which was opened on New Year&#39;s Day, 1935.</p><br>
<p>During the depression years of the 1930s many private golf clubs lost membership, but that of the Victoria Park Golf Club doubled between 1933 and 1937. In response to this expansion and to be able to continue to attract membership, the clubhouse was extended and remodelled in 1939 by City Architect, Harold Erwood. Wings were added to either side of the existing building, with the additions and alterations focussing on improved member and associate services and facilities, including new lounge and dining room areas with a timber dance floor upstairs; a doubling of locker space, toilet and shower facilities; private rooms; modern kitchen; independent access for women; and new exterior lighting. The upper floor also provided new living accommodation for the club secretary, in the eastern wing. The layout, incorporating facilities for women in the west wing and those for men in the east wing, reflected a marked social separation between the sexes. The extended building opened on 26 October 1939 and continued in use throughout the Second World War, despite the original 17th and 18th fairways being occupied as a military encampment. The lounge area of the clubhouse was extended in 1948 and the ground floor was refurbished in 1963.</p><br>
<p>The Victoria Park Golf Clubhouse was one of the larger public buildings erected by the Greater Brisbane Council, and the golf links remained the only municipal course in Brisbane until the establishment of the St Lucia Golf Course in 1985. Other civic work produced by the Brisbane City Architects office during the interwar period included bandstand rotundas, kiosks, dressing sheds and toilet blocks. This work ranged across a number of styles and generally care was given to their design. Tramway substations and the New Farm Powerhouse were designed by engineers in the Councils Tramways Department.</p><br>
<p>The course was considered to be one of the finest municipal golf courses in Australia and has been described as the cradle of golf in Brisbane. Under the tutelage of Arthur Everett Gazzard, foundation professional 1931-72, some players went on to become professional golfers in the Queensland and Australian arenas. In the mid-1970s a new clubhouse was constructed on the brow of the hill between Herston Road and Gilchrist Avenue, and was opened on 14 December 1975. The links were altered so that the ninth and eighteenth holes were near the new clubhouse, changing Francis&#39; orientation of the course. The 1930s clubhouse was vacated at this time. and it was tenanted from 1978 by the Lone Parent Club of Queensland.</p><br>
<p>It was tenanted from 1978 by the Lone Parent Club of Queensland, and through the 1980s operated as a disco venue for single parents known as "The Pink Palace", named for its then brightly-painted facade. It was then abandoned for many years, during which time it was vandalised and inhabited by squatters. In 2009-10, it was restored by its owners, the Brisbane City Council, in order to serve as office space for the Mental Illness Fellowship of Queensland.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former Victoria Park Golf Clubhouse is a large, freestanding, two-storeyed brick building rendered with a rough cast finish, located in the north-east corner of the Victoria Park Golf Course bounded by Gilchrist Avenue and Herston Road, Herston. The main entrance towards Gilchrist Avenue overlooks Victoria Park below and a bitumen carpark occupies the former putting green terrace between the building and the road.</p><br>
<p>The main elevation is symmetrical about a centrally projecting gabled entry porch which was the core of the 1931 building. The 1939 alterations and additions are in the non-identical wings flanking the central bay and the terminating pavilions to the east and west. The building conveys the impression of a Spanish-Mission or Mediterranean character established in the 1931 design but the overall impact is of thoughtful classicism within a restrained use of Spanish references.</p><br>
<p>The three bays of the main entrance porch, now glazed to form an enclosed entry vestibule, are punctuated by square columns with rounded concrete brackets. The balcony above the entrance porch has three round arched openings with decorative concrete balustrade panels. The glazing to these openings was a later addition. A gable vent of curved tiles sits below the low pitched gable roof clad with Marseilles tiles.</p><br>
<p>Within the west loggia, a stairtower sits between the formal entrance and the minor entry porch which has a decorative roof edge capping of round tiles. The upper loggia has two sets of paired open round arches screened with timber blinds.</p><br>
<p>At ground level in each of the end pavilions, a projecting central bay capped with round roof tiles is flanked by pairs of casement windows decorated with wrought-iron window grilles. Slender half columns in a stylised Corinthian order define the corners of the bay and casement windows with a scalloped fringed sill are recessed within the bay. At the upper level of each pavilion a continuous sill wraps around the corners below three generous window bays which in the west wing are filled with sets of casement windows and in the east with louvres. The wings have Marseilles-tiled hipped roofs with bracketed eaves.</p><br>
<p>From Herston Road the tiled roof and upper level of the building peep through the vegetation around the perimeter of the property. This elevation is asymmetrical about a central gabled bay. Three separate pedestrian bridges cross from Herston Road to the upper level connecting with the latticed porch entrance to the living quarters and the dining room.</p><br>
<p>The south-west and south-east corners continue as wrap-arounds from the main elevation. A plain pilaster with a round tile decorative coping above the capital is located one-third the way along each side elevation and finishes the corner. To the west four bays of metal framed casement windows at the upper level afford views across the Golf Course.</p><br>
<p>The building plan accommodates access and vertical circulation within the loggias to the front of the building and services and storage along the rear. At ground level the pavilions contain the locker/changing areas. The upper level contains the large dining room, ancillary service areas, meeting spaces and the living quarters in the east pavilion.</p><br>
<p>From the reception vestibule a metal staircase to the right arrives at the upper level loggia. The reception vestibule opens into the main bar area. Evidence suggests that later openings have been made in the wall between the main bar area and the west pavilion. The stair from here arrives at the upper loggia which connects to the dining area. At ground level, the east wing houses a billiard room and toilet/shower facilities. An acoustic tile ceiling has been inserted in the new reception and main bar areas. Plain plaster ceilings are found elsewhere throughout the ground floor. The toilets in the west wing retain original finishes and the former womens shower area has been altered to accommodate male toilets. The mens shower, change and toilet facilities in the east wing remain.</p><br>
<p>The upper floor contains a spacious lounge and dining area, kitchen, bar, storage, meeting room and living quarters. Windows to the west offer an extended view across the Golf Course. The low-ceiling of the dining space is punctuated by plain plaster rendered ceiling beams finished with decorative corbels at the wall junctions. An extensive hardwood dance floor survives. The dining area and the meeting room open to the front balcony and east loggia which offer a fine prospect to the old Exhibition Building, the RNA showgrounds and lower Victoria Park. The living quarters of the east pavilion are accessed from the east loggia and include a bathroom, kitchen, living room, bedroom, storage area, balcony and rear verandah entrance to Herston Road. In contrast to the restrained decoration of the public areas the living quarters has a number of decorative cornices in an Art Deco style.</p><br>
<p>Some mature trees from the original landscaped setting remain around the former Clubhouse. A chain wire fence on a tuff base sits on the retaining wall to the rear. Housings in the tuff base suggest that this was formally a timber fence. Concrete steps and a buggy ramp from the tram/bus stop in Herston Road provide smooth access for golfers and buggies from the roadway to the Course. Access from Course to Clubhouse is provided by a similar set of concrete steps and buggy ramp adjacent to the former first tee. A low painted stone wall with two sets of steps to the old Clubhouse forms an edge to the carpark. Approximately half way along the former first fairway a substantial set of stairs arrives on the Course from Gilchrist Avenue. The stairs are of concrete and hammered tuff with a concrete plaque bearing the date 1936.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Victoria Park Golf Clubhouse was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 17 December 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former Victoria Park Golf Clubhouse, erected in the 1930s, is important for its association with the development of golf as a popular recreational sport in Queensland. The establishment of the Victoria Park Golf Course in 1930-31 as Brisbanes first municipal golf links, along with the formation of the Victoria Park Golf Club and the construction of a purpose-designed clubhouse, illustrates the Greater Brisbane City Councils strong commitment to the development of public recreational facilities during the interwar period.</p><br>
<p>The former Victoria Park Golf Clubhouse is an integral element within an historic precinct situated around Yorks Hollow and along Bowen Bridge Road between Gregory Terrace and Breakfast Creek, which has been important in the evolution of Brisbanes and Queensland&#39;s history. This area includes the residential, ecclesiastic and educational structures along Gregory Terrace overlooking Victoria Park, Bowen Park, an early tram shelter shed adjacent to Bowen Park along Bowen Bridge Road, the RNA Grounds, the former Exhibition Building (Old Museum Building) at the northeast corner of Gregory Terrace and Bowen Bridge Road, the Exhibition Railway, Victoria Park, Centenary Pool Complex, the Electricity Sub-station at the northwest corner of Bowen Bridge Road and Gregory Terrace, Victoria Park Golf Course, the former Victoria Park Golf Clubhouse, Royal Brisbane Hospital, and the University of Queensland Mayne Medical School.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>It is both a good example of Brisbane City Council civic architecture of the period, and a rare interwar recreational building designed and constructed by the Brisbane City Council.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The former Victoria Park Golf Clubhouse is a substantial interwar civic building in Brisbane. It is both a good example of Brisbane City Council civic architecture of the period, and a rare interwar recreational building designed and constructed by the Brisbane City Council. In its Spanish Mission references, the building embodies the then popular association of this style - often employed in designs for picture theatres and bathing pavilions - with recreational activity. The more formal neo-Georgian 1939 extensions are mindful of its civic presence, reflecting the success of the municipal golf links as a Council venture in the 1930s.</p><br>
<p>The former Victoria Park Golf Clubhouse is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of an interwar clubhouse, accommodating the principal elements necessary to the successful functioning of a golf clubhouse of this era, including locker and associated ablutions areas for members and associates, segregated by gender; a separate entrance and lounge area for female players; an administrative station; living quarters for the Club Secretary; and clear physical and visual links with the golf course proper. The building retains clear evidence of the 1939 gender segregation in the arrangement of internal spaces and circulation patterns.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Despite having lost much of its park setting, the building retains an aesthetic value: the exotic suggestion of the Spanish Mission references, tempered by the neo-Georgian restraint, combine to create a robust, elegant sports pavilion.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The place has social significance for its close association with the popularisation of golfing in Brisbane and in Queensland for over four decades. It also has one of the last large timber dance floors in Brisbane, and has been associated with Brisbane social functions such as balls, dinners, and receptions for many decades.</p><br>
<p>Victoria Park is a heritage-listed park at 454 Gregory Terrace, Spring Hill & Herston, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 3 December 2007.</p><br>
<h2>History and description</h2><br>
<p>Victoria Park covers an area of 27 hectares of undulating land bordered by Gregory Terrace, Bowen Bridge Road, Herston Road, Queensland University of Technology (Kelvin Grove campus) and Victoria Park Road in the suburbs of Spring Hill and Herston. Named for the reigning British monarch at the time, Queen Victoria, the park was gazetted in 1875.</p><br>
<p>Victoria Park provides recreational facilities such as cricket pitches, swimming pool and golf course (redesigned with a new clubhouse in 1974). It also provides much needed parking facilities during the annual Brisbane Exhibition (Ekka) held in the adjacent Brisbane Exhibition Ground.</p><br>
<h3>Founding</h3><br>
<p>Herston was first settled by Europeans in 1859 although the area was being utilised from as early as the 1820s for major industrial activities such as brick-making and timber getting. This resulted in the denuding of the land, the sullying of the water and dispossession of the local Aborigines. Victoria Park initially spanned an area of 130 hectares. The land set aside for the park was slowly encroached upon over the succeeding years. The suburbs such as Herston, Bowen Hills and Spring Hill grew into the park, as housing development, schools, hospitals, golf courses and show grounds were permitted to be built on the park land.</p><br>
<p>During the mid 1800s, Brisbane was faced with an influx of immigrants due to the Queensland Governments immigration schemes. As a result, areas of Yorks Hollow (the name prior to Victoria Park) provided a settling point for various immigrant camps. The arrival of John Dunmore Langs pioneering emigrant ship Fortitude in Brisbane in early 1849 is recognised as one of the landmark events of Queenslands history, and Yorks Hollow on the edge of the new township was put to good use for their accommodation. According to the Moreton Bay Courier, 253 immigrants were permitted "to form a temporary village on some of the slopes running parallel to the chains and waterholes in the neighbourhood of Yorks Hollow". During this time Yorks Hollow&#39; included the area to the east of the park that is now the Brisbane Showgrounds in Bowen Hills. Many recent immigrants to Queensland in the mid-1800s stayed in these temporary camps. As Herston and the surrounding area became a popular urban development, these camps were deemed unhealthy and its residents "moved along". Several beautification projects of Victoria Park were undertaken during the late nineteenth century. This included planting avenues of trees.</p><br>
<p>When Queensland separated from New South Wales in 1859, the Queensland Government made a concerted effort to provide recreational lands for the people of Brisbane, then and for the future. It was believed that the fledgling society would benefit from having open spaces included in the infrastructure. At a time when industry was choking many of the large cities in Britain and Europe, the Queensland Government did not want the same fate to befall Brisbane. Terms such as "lungs of the city" and "breathing space" were used to describe established parks in Brisbane. A Board of Trustees was created at this time to manage Victoria Park; they "expeditiously drew up a code of by-laws which provided, not only for the protection and good government of the park, but also laid down the rules for raising revenue for the improvement of the park". This revenue raising included leasing arrangements for the park.</p><br>
<h3>Late 1800s</h3><br>
<p>Victoria Park borders Spring Hill on the Gregory Terrace side at the south end of the park. This area is one of the oldest suburbs in Brisbane, and Victoria Park was seen as part of this suburb. Spring Hill was home to a cross section of Brisbane society, from the very poorest living in small cottages in the lower slopes of the hill, to the prestigious and wealthy homes overlooking Victoria Park on Gregory Terrace. By the end of the nineteenth century Spring Hill was the most populated suburb in Brisbane. Victoria Park provided an open space for residents of Spring Hill, some of whom lived in crowded and poor conditions at the bottom of the hill. In the period 1870 to 1900, Victoria Park was the largest open reserve within the immediate city area.</p><br>
<p>In 1877 the Queensland Rifle Association constructed a rifle range in the north-east corner of Victoria Park. This was used both recreationally and for military and police training purposes; the range was used until 1883, when it was closed. The military, however, maintained a presence in Victoria Park, even though it was designated a "public park for recreation, convenience, health and amusement of the inhabitants of the City of Brisbane".</p><br>
<p>The importance of an extensive railway system throughout Brisbane and the surrounding areas contributed to Queenslands successful development. Victoria Park played a part in this development with a line from Roma Street railway station to Sandgate being constructed through the park in 1882. The line was routed around the outskirts of the inner-city and through Victoria Park to minimise costs. This divided the park into two sections. After the railway was run through the middle of the park (1882), the park was further reduced with the building of The Hospital for Sick Children in 1883. The childrens hospital was built on the Herston side of the park as the hill rose to the north. The parks land was reduced over time by the provision of sporting facilities at the south west of the park for Brisbane Grammar School, Brisbane Girls Grammar School and St Joseph&#39;s College, Gregory Terrace. At the start of the 1900s a site in the north-west of the park was considered for a new Government House; however Fernberg in Rosalie was leased for that purpose and later purchased in 1910.</p><br>
<h3>Early 1900s</h3><br>
<p>In 1913 Victoria Park played host to a globally significant scientific experiment carried out by the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism of the Carnegie Institution of Washington. The purpose of the experiment was to study the earths magnetism, and the magnetic variation from "true" north and "magnetic" north so as to eventually gain accurate bearings. The Institute placed small stations in various locations over the earth. The Victoria Park station (a small tent) was placed on the slope below the former Childrens Hospital and on the northern side of the existing busway corridor. A sandstone block denoting the exact place where the station was placed was recovered in an archaeological dig carried out in 2001. It was inscribed C.I.W. 1913.</p><br>
<p>The Brisbane City Council (BCC) Substation No. 4 to the Bowen Bridge end of Victoria Park was designed in 1928 during a period of expansion in Brisbane. The building was designed by City Architect, Alfred Herbert Foster, and may be the earliest surviving unaltered substation designed by him. BCC substations were supplied with bulk energy from BCC power stations and converted it for use by consumers. The introduction of electricity to Brisbane was a slow and complex process. The first public supply of electricity was from the Barton and White generator in Edison Lane to the General Post Office in 1888. The situation was confused by the fact that within the Brisbane metropolitan area there were fourteen separate local authorities and numerous suppliers. Between 1904 and 1925 a number of rationalisations helped reduce this complexity and with the establishment in 1925 of the Brisbane City Council a single public authority was created which could plan for the provision of electrical services throughout the entire city. From 1925 there was a rapid expansion in the provision of infrastructure by the BCC for the delivery of electricity throughout Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>The park was again reduced by the construction of Victoria Park Golf Club. In the 1920s, municipal golf courses were being established throughout Australia and in 1922 the Queensland Golf Association proposed to the Lord Mayor of Brisbane, William Alfred Jolly, that a municipal golf course be established in Victoria Park. In 1926 the proposal was accepted. The opportunity came after the section of Victoria Park, reserved as the intended site for the University of Queensland, was no longer required after the university acquired their St Lucia site from a generous donation of £63,000 to resume over 200 acres (81 ha) by James and Emelia Mayne. The eighteen hole golf course was laid out by the surveyor Stan Francis, who was an ardent golfer. It was constructed during the Depression by men employed in the Intermittent Relief Scheme. The Victoria Park Golf Course was opened in 1931. The first Victoria Park Golf Clubhouse was designed in the Spanish Mission style by Alfred Herbert Foster and was built in 1931; it is now listed on the Queensland Heritage Register.</p><br>
<p>Other work was undertaken during the Depression for unemployed persons including landscaping and reclamation, notably Gilchrist Avenue constructed in 1931. The Avenue caused some adjustment of the site of the golf course. It was lined with Silky Oak and Poinciana trees as part of the beautification of the park at this time. Drainage in the lower part of the park was improved to control flooding and an existing lake developed as an ornamental feature of the park. In 1936, the entrance at the corner of Bowen Bridge Road and Gregory Terrace was improved with stone piers constructed of Brisbane Tuff.</p><br>
<h3>World War II and afterwards</h3><br>
<p>During the Second World War, a number of fibrolite military buildings were constructed at various points in Victoria Park by the forces of the United States of America. Following the outbreak of war in the Pacific in late 1941, Brisbane was transformed into a locale of intense military activity with thousands of American troops stationed there before being shipped off to fight the Japanese forces in the Pacific. While most of the accommodation was canvas tents, a number of huts of fibrolite on timber stumps were constructed south of Herston Road and Gregory Terrace. After the war until 1947 many of these huts were used to house Australian war brides (Australian women who had married American servicemen). After these women married an American they became stateless, losing their Australian citizenship but unable to acquire U. S. citizenship or legal rights as several years of residence in the USAA was required. This left many women in a very difficult position.</p><br>
<p>The post-war reconstruction process heralded an era of rapid population growth in Queensland, leading to an acute shortage in housing. Temporary housing became a necessity. The Queensland State Housing Commission made use of the military facilities in Victoria Park; it became the second largest temporary housing settlement in Brisbane. Each hut would house several families. By 1950 Victoria Park was the impermanent home for 460 families (usually for not more than three years). It is believed that up to 100,000 Queenslanders lived in temporary housing between 1946 and 1960; this demonstrates the importance of this period in Victoria Parks history, as well as to Queenslands social history. The temporary housing camps in Victoria Park were closed in 1960. The University of Queensland purchased several of the fibrolite military buildings immediately after the war. These were then used by the School of Medicine to house the anatomy and physiotherapy departments prior to their permanent move to St. Lucia in 1961 and 1972. The Queensland Institute of Medical Research also purchased a military building. These buildings were all vacated by 1977, and subsequently demolished.</p><br>
<p>In the 1950s an extensive flowering tree planting program was initiated for the slopes and gullies of the golf course; poincianas, oleanders, jacarandas and flame trees were planted to line the fair ways. Harry Oakman, the Superintendent of Parks and Gardens was the prominent landscape architect on this project.</p><br>
<p>Harry Oakman was one of the pioneers of landscape architecture in Australia. In 1945 he began a seventeen-year appointment with the Brisbane City Council as Superintendent of Parks and Gardens and became the Director of Separate Parks Branch. He was in charge of transforming many of Brisbane&#39;s parks that had been damaged by the military use during the Second World War, including Victoria Park. Oakman was recognised as a Fellow of the British and Australian Institutes of Landscale Architects and the Royal Australian Institute of Parks and Recreation.</p><br>
<h3>Centenary</h3><br>
<p>In 1959 Queensland celebrated its Centenary (100 years since Queensland was declared a separate colony (State) from New South Wales with its own local government). Victoria Park played a large role in these celebrations in Brisbane. The Centenary Pool Complex was constructed in this year by the Brisbane City Council as its principal contribution. The pool was placed at the south-west corner of Victoria Park bordering Gregory Terrrace. The complex was designed to fit into the slope of the hill over looking Victoria Park and was designed by Brisbane City Architect James Birrell. The initial design of the complex included a landscaped entrance road designed by Oakman.</p><br>
<p>Another commemorative gesture was made within Victoria Park with the planting of 1000 eucalypt trees in the south east of the park. Named "The Gundoo Memorial Grove", this large area of planting was accomplished by the students of The Brisbane Girls&#39; Grammar School as their contribution to the celebrations. The trees were provided by the Forestry Department and were nine varieties of eucalypt trees. This area of Victoria Park was in need of beautification as it had previously been the site of some of the Housing Commission buildings, recently demolished. In a memorandum from Harry Oakman he stated "that tree planting along forest lines in this parkland would give a unique feature to the city of Brisbane, particularly if the trees chosen are Eucalypts". He believed that the grove of eucalypts would have advantages such as low cost and little maintenance whilst still being attractive and shade giving.</p><br>
<h3>Recent history</h3><br>
<p>In 1968 the Department of Electricity acquired land in the south east of the park and built an office building behind the Substation. They also purchased a large stores building previously used by the Queensland Railway Department in the same corner of the park.</p><br>
<p>In 1988 the lake area in Victoria Park was officially named Yorks Hollow&#39;.</p><br>
<p>The Inner City Bypass was completed in 2003. It provides a direct link from Kingsford-Smith Drive at Hamilton through to Hale Street in Paddington and from there onto the South East Freeway. The bypass sits parallel to the railway that runs through Victoria Park. It is another example of the encroachment of Victoria Park&#39;s land. The bypass was undertaken to reduce traffic congestion in the Brisbane central business district and Fortitude Valley.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Victoria Park occupies undulating land which generally falls steeply from the ridge at Gregory Terrace down to the railway line, across the railway line, north to Gilchrist Avenue. The ridge offers expansive views across to the Old Museum, RNA Showgrounds (Brisbane Exhibition Ground), Royal Brisbane Hospital, University of Queensland Mayne Medical School, Victoria Park Golf Course, Red Hill, Mt Coot-tha and across to the Brisbane CBD and beyond.</p><br>
<p>A pair of Brisbane Tuff entrance gate piers stand to Bowen Bridge Road. The tall stepped and tapered Brisbane Tuff piers have dressed stone bases and dado panels with quarry-faced stone corners. Decorative metal lamp holders crown the piers.</p><br>
<p>The Park has large open grassed areas and is planted with mature figs, eucalypts, shade trees, ornamental trees, palms and planted beds. The Gundoo Memorial Grove of eucalypts stands to the south east end of the park.</p><br>
<p>A freestanding, single-storey red face and rendered brick pavilion, former BCC Substation No. 4 stands to the corner of Gregory Terrace and Bowen Bridge Road opposite the Old Museum. The Substation addresses the corner at an angle to Bowen Bridge Road complementing that of the more prominent Old Museum to the northeast across Bowen Bridge Road.</p><br>
<p>The Substation building is rectangular in plan with a timber-framed tiled hip roof behind a rendered brick parapet with a moulded cornice. The elevations are characterised by arch openings, accented keystones and rendered lintels. The front elevation is symmetrical about a projecting central entrance porch in which a decorative crest bearing the lettering BCC sits within an arched doorway. The front elevation end bays are capped by gable fronts to the parapet. The side elevations have parapets with a central gable front. A number of small metal plaques are embedded in the lower part of the front elevation, to the riser of the front concrete stair and to the front stone fence.</p><br>
<p>A random course quarry-face ashlar wall of Brisbane Tuff runs to the front of the Substation from the Gregory Terrace corner and around into Bowen Bridge Road terminating in a tall capped pier. A small flight of stone stairs flanked by low piers within the wall defines an entrance from Bowen Bridge Road.</p><br>
<p>The railway and inner-city bypass run directly through the park from the south west to the north east and divide the two sections of the park. This division is approximately 150 meters in width throughout the park. The northern section of the park contains several sheltered barbeque and picnic areas amid large expanses of lawn and playing fields. Gilchrist Avenue has been made a cul-de-sac. A wooden and steel footbridge has been constructed over the lake from the end of Gilchrist Avenue over the lakes. The lake contains water-lilies and high grasses. At the east end of the lake is a bronze statue.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Victoria Park was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 3 December 2007 having satisfied the following criteria:</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queenslands history.Victoria Park is representative of important phases of Queenslands history. It was the site of an immigration camp in the mid nineteenth century. It was important during the Depression years as the setting for many government work relief schemes. It was the site of accommodation for war brides after the Second World War and also provided temporary accommodation for returned servicemen and their families.Victoria Park was the site of an important, scientific experiment in 1913. The Terrestrial Magnetism experiment was carried out worldwide by the prestigious Department of Terrestrial Magnetism of the Carnegie Institution of Washington to measure the earth&#39;s magnetism.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.Victoria Park contains Brisbane City Council Substation No. 4, possibly the earliest surviving unaltered substation designed by architect A.H. Foster in 1928. This Substation demonstrates the way in which architectural contributions to urban design in this period were building sturdy, practical and attractive structures on a domestic scale. It is representative of the period when electricity was introduced to Brisbane and is a good example of its type.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.The park is an example of the works of Harry Oakman, Director of Parks for the Brisbane City Council (1948-1963) who was the first purpose-trained landscape architect to be employed by a government in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.Victoria Park is significant for its aesthetic values. It is an area of landscaped parkland falling from a ridge offering expansive views in all directions. The park has large open grassed areas and is planted with mature figs, shade trees, palms and garden beds. The Gundoo Memorial Grove of eucalypts stands to the south-east end of the park.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.The park is a popular recreational reserve for organised sport and informal recreation. It contains many sporting facilities such as cricket pitches, tennis courts, golf course, bikeway and swimming pool.</p><br>
<p>Amet Sound is a large body of water, an embayment of the Northumberland Strait, on the north shore Nova Scotia straddling Colchester and Pictou counties. It takes its name from Amet Island, a small island just beyond the mouth of the sound in Northumberland Strait. Because of its sheltered position, its bays and harbours are considered "safe haven" for yachts in the event of major storms.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<h2>Cultural aspects</h2><br>
<p>Surrounding land uses are mostly agricultural and recreational. The Barrachois Harbour Yacht Club is the focus of most recreational boating on the Sound. A Tim Horton Children&#39;s Camp is situated on Tatamagouche Bay, while Nelson Memorial Park, a municipal picnic park and floral garden is situated near Tatamagouche and the Rushtons Beach provincial day use park is located in Marshville. The main populated centres are at Tatamagouche on the Waugh River, and River John at the extreme easterly end of the sound. Historically, the area had numerous lobster canneries which were active in the first quarter of the twentieth century.</p><br>
<p>Raeford Historic District is a national historic district located at Raeford, Hoke County, North Carolina. The district encompasses 48 contributing buildings and 2 contributing structures in the central business district of Raeford. The commercial and institutional buildings, residences, and transportation-related resources include notable examples of Queen Anne and Colonial Revival style architecture built after 1897. Notable buildings include the B. R. and Margaret Gatlin House , National Guard Armory , J.W. and Christina McLauchlin House , Raeford Furniture Company , Hoke Drug , Bank of Raeford , Aberdeen & Rockfish Railroad Passenger Depot , Johnson-Thomas Building , and Davis Sinclair Station .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.</p><br>
<p>The Figile River  is a river in eastern Ireland.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>The earliest recorded name is Fidgable/Fid nGabli, meaning "Gabuls Wood", recorded in the Book of Leinster and the Metrical Dindshenchas, both c. 1160. It is also mentioned in Buile Shuibhne ("Suibhnes Frenzy", 12th century) as Fiodh Gaibhle, a site of refuge for the maddened Suibhne where he lived for a year, eating holly berries and acorns and drinking from uisci na Gabhla ("Gabuls waters"). The Anglicisation Fegowly first appears in the 17th century, becoming Feagile on Alex Taylors 1783 map and Figile on the 1843 Ordnance Survey map.</p><br>
<h2>Course</h2><br>
<p>The Figile River begins at the union of the Crabtree and Cushaling rivers, near the County Kildare-County Offaly border. It meets the Black River tributary and continues northwest, crossing and recrossing the bog railway. It crosses under the R401 at the Cloncreen Bridge, a triple-arch masonry bridge, built c. 1790. The Figile continues south, meeting the Philipstown River outside Clonbulloge. It is bridged by the R442 at Saint Patrick&#39;s Bridge and flows on southwards, passing under the R442 again near Millgrove House. The Figile passes under the R419 west of Bracknagh and flows on southeast, entering County Kildare at Pollagorteen. It continues southward through Clogheen and forms part of the County Laois-County Kildare border, draining into the River Barrow at Passlands, just north of Monasterevin.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>The Figile is known as a brown trout, common bream, common rudd, common roach and northern pike fishery.</p><br>
<p>The Ahukawakawa Swamp is an area of sphagnum bog in Egmont National Park in the Taranaki Region of New Zealand.</p><br>
<p>It was formed approximately 3,500 years ago and is of particular interest to botanists. Over 260 species of higher plant have been recorded there. The area of the swamp is approximately 1 km.</p><br>
<h2>Geomorphology</h2><br>
<p>The swamp sits at an altitude of 920 metres and lies between the main cone of Mount Taranaki and the Pouakai Range to the northwest, which reaches 1,400 metres. It was formed about 3,500 years ago when a lava extrusion and a later debris flow blocked the Stony River. This extrusion, which reaches 1,052 metres, lies to the west of the swamp and is known as The Dome. The outlet from the swamp forms the 30 metre high Bells Falls.</p><br>
<p>The area is still subject to geomorphological change. The Stony River was considered Taranakis best trout fishery until severe erosion and land instability in the rivers headwaters from 1997 onwards caused high sediment loads.</p><br>
<h2>Vegetation</h2><br>
<p>in the Pouakai Range</p><br>
<p>This alpine wetland is of interest to botanists because "its wide range of plants have adapted to acidic soils at very low temperatures." Sedges, herbs, grasses and mosses make up the ground cover on the floor of the wetland and the divaricating shrub Melicytus drucei is endemic to the area. The large red tussocks that form in the cool environment and medium fertility wet soils are a feature of the natural environment.</p><br>
<p>Over 260 species of higher plant have been recorded in the swamp and Margaret Bayfield identified several different assemblages within it. The southern margin comprises scrub and shrub/tussockland and is dominated by inaka (var. filifolium) although other shrubs such as Hebe odora and leatherwood are also common. In the "mire proper" red tussock is dominant and found along with various sedges including Carex coriacea and star sedge. There are abundant mosses, especially Dicranoloma robustum and sphagnum. Small bodies of open water towards the east end of the swamp contain the pond weed Potamogeton suboblongus and the New Zealand sub-species of the milfoil Myriophyllum pedunculatum.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>The Pouakai Circuit, a 2–3 day 25 km tramp that has two overnight huts available, passes through "the unique Ahukawakawa Swamp" via a boardwalk.</p><br>
<p>The Talkeetna Airstrip is a historic runway in Talkeetna, Alaska. It is a rectangular area of land, covered by grass and gravel, extending southward along D Street from First Street toward the Susitna River. It is about 1,800 ft long and 30 ft wide, with its northern stretch now lined with private residences and its southern stretch surrounded by public woodlands. The airstrip was created in 1940 as the result of a presidential executive order issued by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt in 1937, which set aside federal land near Talkeetna for aviation-related purposes. It played a major role in the economic development of the community, as air transport was the most reliable method of bringing supplies and travelers into the area.</p><br>
<p>The airstrip was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002, at which time it was still occasionally used for aviation. Most aviation now uses the state-owned Talkeetna Airport, located east of the village center.</p><br>
<p>The Charles W. Shaver House is a historic house at the northeast corner of Court and Spring Streets in Evening Shade, Arkansas. It is a single-story brick structure, with an L-shaped configuration that has gable roofs. Built in 1874, it is distinctive as a rare brick postbellum 19th century house in the community, and as the home of Charles W. Shaver, a son of the one of the city&#39;s founders, John W. Shaver. Shaver, despite being a wheelchair user, was a successful local merchant who thrived during the American Civil War, in part by crossing military lines to acquire needed supplies for the community. The use of Greek Revival elements  in the house was a trend-setter in later home construction in the community.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The Royal Brisbane Hospital Nurses Homes are heritage-listed accommodation for nurses at the Royal Brisbane Hospital, Herston Road, Herston, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1896 to 1939. It includes the Lady Lamington Nurses Home and Nurses&#39; Homes Blocks 1 & 2. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Royal Brisbane Hospital Nurses&#39; Homes comprises three buildings: the Lady Lamington Nurses Home erected in three stages between 1896 and 1931 and Nurses Homes Blocks 1 and 2 erected in 1936 and 1939 respectively.</p><br>
<p>The Royal Brisbane Hospital (then known as the Brisbane Hospital) was established at the Herston site in 1866. This was followed by the Hospital for Sick Children (1883) erected on an adjoining site fronting Herston Road and much later, in 1938, by the Brisbane Women&#39;s Hospital on Bowen Bridge Road. The earliest buildings of the Brisbane Hospital were gathered around the corner of Bowen Bridge and Herston Roads, with later wards and associated buildings gradually erected higher up the hill.</p><br>
<p>Pressure for improved nurses accommodation finally came to fruition when (what was to be the first stage of) the Lady Lamington Nurses Home was erected in 1896 on the crest of the hill overlooking the hospital. The "L" shaped building selected by the Committee from a number of competition designs was submitted by architect Robin Dods. It included accommodation for some fifty nurses in cubicles partitioned to below ceiling height for better ventilation; a sitting room with fireplace on each floor; servants&#39; quarters at basement level; and a two storeyed semi-detached toilet block (since demolished). Built of brick with a Marseilles tiled roof (believed to be one of the earliest uses of the material in Queensland), it was enclosed by verandahs; the semicircular steps to the court yard garden became a popular posing place for nurses photographs. Although the competition brief called for a kitchen and dining room, these were not included.</p><br>
<p>In 1914, Hall & Dods called tenders for additions forming the building into a "U" shape; the contract was let to Brisbane builder George Day, at a price of £11,889.</p><br>
<p>Lady Lamington Nurses Home (named for the wife of the then State Governor) was the first of Dods Queensland buildings and established the practice of Hall & Dods (1896-1916), which quickly became the leading architectural firm in Queensland undertaking numerous residential, commercial, ecclesiastical, and hospital works (including the Mater Misericordia Hospital – Private (1908–10), Public (1909–11, extended 1913), Nurses Quarters and Kitchen (1913)). Other work undertaken at the Brisbane Hospital included the Superintendents Residence (1900; removed 1970s), laundry and boiler house (1904), open air pavilion for male surgical patients (1912), Walter Russell Hall Operating Theatre (1914; now the Canteen), and Outpatients Building (1916; now Block 10) as well as Open Air Wards (1911; now workshops and storerooms) and administration building (1911; now fire and security offices) for the Metropolitan Infectious Diseases Hospital (now included as part of the RBH site).</p><br>
<p>Lady Lamington Nurses Home was to form the first part of what became the residential precinct for the Hospital site which stretched from the top of the hill down towards Bowen Bridge Road. It includes the Edith Cavell Memorial Block for Nurses (1921), Medical Officers Quarters (1934; 1939; demolished 1994), Medical Superintendent&#39;s Residence (1941; now the Social Workers Office), and two other residences (erected 1941, since demolished).</p><br>
<p>The 1920s and 1930s was a period of great expansion for the Hospital, with a major building program announced in 1925 following the introduction of the Health Act of 1923 by Ted Theodore&#39;s Labor government which saw the state government accept financial and administrative responsibility for the provision of health services in Queensland. With a dramatic increase in nursing staff in the 1930s, further accommodation was required. In 1931, architects Atkinson and Conrad in association with Lange Powell added a third wing to Lady Lamington to complete the existing "E" shape.</p><br>
<p>Soon after, in 1936, the first of the two tower blocks, Block 1, was erected; the second in 1939. Both were joined to the first and second floors of Lady Lamington. They were planned in a similar way to the earlier quarters with a central corridor flanked by small rooms opening onto verandahs. The architectural vocabulary employed was, however, very different using the contemporary Spanish Mission style favoured by Arnold Henry Conrad and at this time established as the hospital house style. Accommodation was also provided for nursing training. A small single storeyed library was built between the Blocks 1 and 2 in the 1950s. The roof on the northern block was rebuilt after being destroyed by fire in 1993.</p><br>
<p>Atkinson and Conrad (also known as Atkinson Powell and Conrad and later Conrad and Gargett) were appointed Hospital architects in the mid 1920s. They were the pre-eminent interwar architectural firm in Queensland, particularly known for their use of the Spanish mission style for example Tristrams Factory, West End (1930), Brisbane Boys College (1930), and Craigston (1926) from which as a high rise apartment block (albeit non-institutional), Blocks 1 and 2 may be seen to be derived. The firms work at the Brisbane Hospital included General Blocks 2-4 (1930s), Medical Officers Quarters (1934; 1939), and the Brisbane Women&#39;s Hospital (1938 – in association with the Department of Public Works).</p><br>
<p>Whilst in the past, on site accommodation for the (female) nursing staff was seen as an integral part of both hospital efficiency and the propagation and maintenance of the nursing code, recent social and educational changes, have meant that the requirement for on-site nursing accommodation has greatly diminished. Options for the re-use of the three buildings were reported to be currently under consideration at the time of the heritage listing. In 2012, the Lady Lamington Nurses Home was reported by The Courier-Mail to be in a state of neglect.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Nurses&#39; Homes consist of three linked buildings which form an integrated complex organised around a series of courtyards. The Lady Lamington Nurses Home is a lower brick building, E-shaped in plan, with timber verandahs and Marseille tiled roofs. It is situated on the crest of the hill, a steeply sloping site, and has walled courtyards facing east which contain established gardens. Attached to the western side of the lower building are two eight-storeyed towers (Blocks 1 and 2) of masonry construction. These towers are positioned opposite the southernmost and the central wings of the "E". All three buildings have sweeping views of Brisbane due to the elevated siting; to the north and east from the verandahs of the Lady Lamington and panoramic prospects in all directions from Blocks 1 and 2.</p><br>
<p>Built in three stages the Lady Lamington Nurses Home is two storeys with a basement in the older (1896) southernmost part. At the north eastern corner, the building perching dramatically on a steep slope is, due to the sudden fall in the land, five storeys tall. The courtyard gardens which contain mature palms, a poinciana, roses and azaleas are accessed from the verandahs via sweeping concrete stairs. The stairs and entrances to the courtyard are ornamented with concrete spheres mounted on low pillars.</p><br>
<p>The verandahs have simple timber balustrades constructed of square dowels and arched timber valances between the verandah posts at the second top level; the ground floor level at the southernmost end. Below this level the verandah posts are mostly brick forming a screen wall with arched openings. The verandah floors, timber in the first stage, are concrete in stage two (1914) and three (1931). The continuous verandahs are connected vertically by a series of external fire escape stairs and ladders.</p><br>
<p>The building has a gambrel roof, which also roofs the verandahs, and a number of brick chimneys. The chimney nearest the north eastern corner is brick with cement render bands. The English bond brickwork in the first section has been washed with a red-pigmented coating, and a cement-lime mixture has been painted on to resemble stretcher bond.</p><br>
<p>All the wings are connected by long central corridors which have rows of identical cells on either side. Each room opens onto the verandah via large double hung windows with sills at floor level; ceilings are sheeted in galvanised ripple iron; the spaces between the interior partitions and the ceilings have been infilled, mostly with glass louvres.</p><br>
<p>Climate-modulating features include:</p><br>
<p>ridge-top location; nine feet (2.7 metres) wide verandahs to all sides</p><br>
<p>large double hung windows which open from each room onto the verandahs</p><br>
<p>tongue and groove interior partitions designed to assist cross ventilation by originally stopping four feet (1.2 metres) short of the thirteen feet high (4 metres) ceilings</p><br>
<p>The eight-storeyed Blocks 1 and 2, similar in appearance and organisation, form two sides of a bitumen surfaced yard which is open at the western end. The lower two storeys, one of which is partly below ground level, have external walls of face brickwork while the upper six storeys are finished with white painted cement render. Arcaded verandahs run along the northern and southern elevations. The building has a number of decorative features that connect it to the Spanish Mission style such as textured render, arched openings, ornate columns at the uppermost level and decorative brackets and awnings at the ground level. Windows are metal framed with smallish panes. Both buildings have flat roofs with sloped tiled parapets. The lift motor rooms which protrude above the parapet level have Marseille tiled external walls and castellated parapets.</p><br>
<p>A lift and staircase is located at the eastern ends and a concrete staircase with metal balustrade at the western ends. The lift shaft is partly enclosed by a timber and glass screen. The eastern and western ends of the buildings are connected on almost every level by a central corridor that has a row of identical rooms on both sides. Each room opens onto the verandah via timber french doors. On the lowest floor of the southern building has a large recreation room containing a stage.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The Royal Brisbane Hospital Nurses&#39; Home (including Lady Lamington Nurses Home and Blocks 1 and 2) was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Constructed in 1896 on the crest of the hill overlooking the Brisbane Hospital, the Lady Lamington Nurses Home became a prominent landmark from both within and without the hospital site. For nearly a century it has been a very visible symbol of the role of the (for many years exclusively female) nursing profession in the provision of health care in Queensland. As the hospital developed into a highrise institution from the mid 1920s that symbolic prominence was maintained and magnified with the building in the 1930s of the eight storeyed Nurses Homes Blocks 1 and 2. In addition, the two tower blocks were (and remain) a potent reminder (visible from much of the city) of the significant growth during this time of the states premier hospital and correspondingly the implementation of the state labour governments new health policies.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Nurses&#39; Homes form an integral part of the residential core of the Hospital. They clearly illustrate the centrality of the residential component to the functioning of the Hospital from the 1890s until recent times. Lady Lamington is the earliest surviving (and very intact) nurses quarters in Queensland. The three buildings rely on a similar plan (the highly ordered and repetitious layouts on several floors based on the deposition of cells about a central corridor with the whole encircled by verandahs) which typifies institutional residential buildings erected during this time; as does the integrated use of courtyards and gardens of Lady Lamington to create residential amenity and seclusion on a multiuse site.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Lady Lamington is a fine building in the Arts and Crafts style: the quality and inventiveness of the detailing, construction, and overall design enhancing the spectacular site with its views, elevation, and sudden falls.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period.</p><br>
<p>The Lady Lamington Nurses&#39; Home evidences the early development of architectural interest in refining elements associated with domestic buildings and climate control with devices such as awnings, verandahs, orientation, cross ventilation through the use of low partitions, and large well placed openings reworked for a different scale of building. These were to be abiding interests of architect RS (Robin) Dods in his reworking of the Queensland idiom.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Lady Lamington is the first Queensland building designed by Dods, arguably Queensland&#39;s finest architect. It also marks the beginning of a long association between the hospital and his firm Hall and Dods.</p><br>
<p>The pre-eminent interwar architectural firm Conrad and Atkinson (later Conrad and Gargett) were from the 1920s important hospital architects in Queensland from the 1920s and architects to the Brisbane Hospital from the 1920s to 1980s. Executed in the Spanish Mission style, established by architects Atkinson and Conrad from the 1920s as the hospital house style, Nurses&#39; Homes Blocks 1 and 2 echo some of the motifs of Lady Lamington Nurses Home.</p><br>
<p>Boothville is a heritage-listed villa and former maternity hospital at 43 Seventh Avenue, Windsor, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1887 to. It is also known as Monte Video. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This two-storeyed brick residence, formerly known as Monte Video, was erected in 1887 for Henry Wallis Glenny, head office manager of the Queensland National Bank from 1884 to 1892.</p><br>
<p>Between 1885 and 1887 Glenny acquired several Eildon Hill subdivisions, including the Boothville site. Usually the Queensland National Bank provided residential accommodation for their managers, but in Glenny&#39;s case the directors granted him a loan of £6,500 on 23 March 1887, to build his own residence. The house may have been designed by former colonial architect Francis Drummond Greville Stanley, who designed a large number of bank offices and residences for the Queensland National Bank, including the head office in Brisbane, erected 1881-85.</p><br>
<p>In 1892 Glenny retired from the Queensland National Bank, which purchased the house from him. It was rented briefly but mostly remained unoccupied until Walter Vardon Ralston, the new general manager of the bank, and his family occupied the residence in 1896. Initially Ralston rented the house for £150 per annum, but later this was waived, and in 1918 he purchased Monte Video from the bank. During the Ralstons&#39; occupancy a single-storeyed timber extension, which housed a large billiard room and beyond that an L-shaped sunroom opening to an eastern porch, aviary and fernery, was added at the rear.</p><br>
<p>Walter Ralston died in 1920 but his widow remained in the house until 1922.</p><br>
<p>In 1923 Monte Video was acquired by William Bramwell Booth, son of William Booth the English founder of the Salvation Army. He purchased the property on behalf of the organisation, and in May 1924 the Salvation Army Mothers Hospital moved from Breakfast Creek to Monte Video, which was renamed Boothville. Boothville provided maternity and adoption services for single mothers.</p><br>
<p>Apart from a small portion of land which was sold in 1925 to P & AE Nelson, and which was bequeathed back to the Salvation Army in 1956, the hospital and grounds have remained part of the Salvation Army Queensland Property Trust since 1933.</p><br>
<p>A number of buildings associated with the hospital have been erected on the site since 1924. These include a single-storeyed building which was transported from the hospital&#39;s previous site at Breakfast Creek, raised to two-storey height and built in underneath, and a cottage which was relocated from a site in Jephson Street in Toowong in 1962.</p><br>
<p>A brick labour ward was added in the 1970s, and more recently the courtyard between the two rear wings has been covered and concreted. Recently a brick theatre wing has been added off the eastern side of the timber wing.</p><br>
<p>The Salvation Army ceased to operate Boothville as a hospital in 1994 and it was restored as a private residence. In July 2013, Boothville was sold for $3.9 million.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Located on over 0.8 hectare of hilltop land, Boothville is a complex of double and single-storeyed timber and masonry buildings. The original rendered masonry and timber house remains as the main focal building, sited in a commanding position at the crest of the hill.</p><br>
<p>The main building has a long thin U-shaped plan consisting of, to the south, the original double-storeyed masonry house with now enclosed timber verandahs, its single storeyed rendered masonry service wing to the north-west, and the single-storeyed L-shaped timber addition to the north east. The roof is a series of intersecting pitches dominated by the main roof, which features a flattened central portion bound by a cast iron decorative balustrade with finials.</p><br>
<p>The front (south) elevation of the original house features a double-storeyed bay window under a gable end with carved eaves brackets, and a projecting timber entrance portico with three-post columns, shaped rafter ends and stained glass panels. Verandahs to the south and east have been enclosed with weatherboard, and sheeted in to the west. On both the west and eastern elevations, remains of decorative timber detailing to the verandahs can be seen, with arched battening, a herring bone frieze, and timber columns with capitals. The covered walkway to the service wing to the north features cast iron columns with corinthian capitals.</p><br>
<p>The entrance door which connected the southern portico to the entry vestibule has been replaced, but its cedar surrounds with stained glass remain. The entry vestibule features a rendered masonry archway at the foot of finely carved timber stairs. To the east is a grand reception room, with an ornate plaster cornice and richly detailed timber and tiled fireplace. The room has folding cedar doors which once linked it to a parlour which is now a ward. The office to the west has elaborate and finely carved timber cupboards, side board, mirrors and overmantel framing a mosaic tiled fireplace built into the northern wall. The "service wing" to the rear consists of a large former dining room, a smaller room with a corner fireplace which is now enclosed and which probably functioned as the servants&#39; hall, a large kitchen, and a pantry and scullery, which are now storerooms.</p><br>
<p>At half-landing level, the stairs lead to a small timber-lined room and another narrower staircase, which leads to what was probably the servants&#39; bedroom above the dining room. Narrow back stairs also lead from the service wing to this bedroom and from the half-landing level to an upper floor room, which was probably the nursery. The top floor housed four bedrooms and a dressing room, which now serve as wards and a kitchen. The principal rooms feature carved timber mantelpieces, and the southern rooms have excellent views of the inner north-western suburbs and city centre.</p><br>
<p>The grounds retain remnants of the former garden, terracing and fernery and established trees are located around the boundary. Low masonry fences with cast-iron balustrading define the front terraces. The western side of the house has an old well (which had been sealed over but was re-opened in 1986), and a Garden Chapel. A bitumen driveway follows the original curve around the front lawn to a semi-circular parking area, formerly the carriage reception area, and continues in the direction of the now demolished coach house at the rear. Much of the brick guttering to the early driveway survives.</p><br>
<p>Despite modification for its function as a maternity hospital, the essential form of the main building remains intact, as do major internal decorative features. The modifications have not substantially diminished the picturesque quality of the siting of the building, its grounds, and some of its external features.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Boothville was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Boothville is important in demonstrating the pattern of development of Brisbane&#39;s northern suburbs in the late 19th century. It is a large, fundamentally intact masonry residence of the late 1880s which, together with the surviving grounds, is representative of more affluent late 19th century domestic architecture and landscaping in Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>It is a large, fundamentally intact masonry residence of the late 1880s which, together with the surviving grounds, is representative of more affluent late 19th century domestic architecture and landscaping in Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The picturesque quality of the siting and remaining external features of the main building at Boothville, and its grounds, make an important contribution to the Windsor townscape. The core building contains finely crafted timber joinery, plaster cornices and leadlights.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>Boothville is significant for its special association with the work of the Salvation Army in Queensland, and has social significance as a maternity hospital for nearly 7 decades.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Boothville is significant for its special association with the work of the Salvation Army in Queensland, and has social significance as a maternity hospital for nearly 7 decades.</p><br>
<p>The Zunfthaus zur Zimmerleuten at the Limmatquai promenade, situated between Münsterbrücke and Rathausbrücke, is the guild house of the Zunft zur Zimmerleuten, meaning the guild of the carpenters. Neighboured by the Saffran, Kämbel and Rüden guild houses, it is one of the historically notable buildings in Zürich, Switzerland. The building also houses the relatively expensive restaurant of the same name.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The guild house was built in the 14th century AD as a representative building of the Zunft zur Zimmerleuten on the Limmat rivers right hand (downstram) shore in the todays Rathaus quarter, in the immediate neighborhood of the Grossmünster church, the Rathaus Zürich and the Haus zum Rüden, being then the most important buildings in Zürich. The guild house was first mentioned in a document dated 1416 AD.</p><br>
<p>2013 Sechseläuten - Rüden und Zimmerleuten - Münsterbrücke 2013-04-14 18-01-28 (P7700).JPGZunfthaus zur Zimmerleuten and Haus zum Rüden as seen from Münsterbrücke</p><br>
<p>Zunfthaus zur Zimmerleuten - Limmatquai 2015-03-13 17-12-51.JPG</p><br>
<p>Zunfthaus zur Zimmerleuten (Abschluss Renovation Oktober 2010) - Innenansicht 2010-10-08 14-41-08 ShiftN.jpginterior after the renewal of 2010</p><br>
<p>Zunfthaus zur Zimmerleuten (Abschluss Renovation Oktober 2010) - Innenansicht 2010-10-08 14-45-36 ShiftN.jpg</p><br>
<p>Zunfthaus zur Zimmerleuten (Abschluss Renovation Oktober 2010) - Innenansicht 2010-10-08 14-38-20 ShiftN.jpgentrance</p><br>
<p>In 2007 the building was partially destroyed by a fire, renovated and re-opened in 2010.</p><br>
<h2>Cultural heritage</h2><br>
<p>The building is listed in the Swiss inventory of cultural property of national and regional significance as a Class A object.</p><br>
<h2>Literature</h2><br>
<p>Markus Brühlmeier, Beat Frei: Das Zürcher Zunftwesen. Verlag Neue Zürcher Zeitung, Zürich 2005.</p><br>
<p>Zunfthaus Zur Saffran  is a historically significant building in Zürich, Switzerland. It is located along the Limmatquai promenade between Münsterbrücke and Rathausbrücke. It is close to the Kämbel, Zimmerleuten and Rüden guild houses. The building is listed in the Swiss inventory of cultural property of national and regional significance as a major object of regional importance.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The guild house&#39;s earliest recorded history dates back to 1383, when 18 individuals bought a building on the land where it now stands. Five buildings preceded the current building. Construction began on the current building between 1719 and 1723.</p><br>
<p>The current building is situated on the Limmat River’s right bank in the immediate neighborhood of the Grossmünster church, the Rathaus, Zürich, and the Haus Zum Rüden. The building exhibits typical architectural features from its era such as its facade, which includes cornices and columns. In the mid-19th-century, the building was also used as an improvised post office.</p><br>
<p>The latest renovation was completed in 1995. The big guild hall on the first floor, the small guild hall, and the White Rose hall on the second floor are available for visiting. The guild house is referenced in the book Das Zürcher Zunftwesen by Markus Brühlmeier and Beat Frei.</p><br>
<p>Currently, as of January 11, 2016, the building serves as a dinner hall and is open Sunday through Saturday from 7 A.M. to 12 P.M. local time.</p><br>
<h2>Details</h2><br>
<p>Maximum Capacity: 250</p><br>
<p>Distance to Zürich Main Station: 700 m</p><br>
<p>Travel time from Zürich Main Station (public transport): 8 minutes</p><br>
<p>Travel time from Zürich Airport (public transport): 25 minutes</p><br>
<p>Zunfthaus zur Saffran & Haue - Limmat - Wühre 2015-07-16 12-27-15.JPGAs seen from Wühre towards Limmatquai</p><br>
<p>Limmatquai - Zunfthaus zur Saffran - Rathaus 2015-01-10 14-54-20 (P7800).JPGAs seen from Gmüesbrugg</p><br>
<p>Limmatquai - Zunfthaus zur Saffran - Rathaus 2015-01-10 14-52-55 (P7800).JPGPassageway</p><br>
<p>Zunfthaus zur Saffran 2010-10-23 18-13-36 ShiftN.jpgRoom view</p><br>
<p>2013 Sechseläuten - Gesellschaft zu Fraumünster - Saffran-Haue - Limmatquai 2013-04-15 15-05-55.JPGZunfthaus zur Saffran and Zunfthaus zur Haue as seen from Limmatquai</p><br>
<p>Kirkston is a heritage-listed villa at 23 Rupert Street, Windsor, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by George Henry Male Addison and built from 1888 to 1889 by John William Young. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This substantial, two-storeyed brick residence was constructed in 1888-189 for John Henry Flower, a Brisbane solicitor and co-founder of the legal firm of Flower & Hart, which remained prominent until multiple mergers from 2012 saw it become part of international firm K&L Gates.</p><br>
<p>Flower acquired the hilltop site of just over 7 acre in 1885. He commissioned respected Brisbane architect George Henry Male Addison (formerly of Melbourne) to design the hilltop home, and in 1888 raised a mortgage of £4,000 on the property.</p><br>
<p>Addison advertised for tenders in mid-1888, and a contract for £3,459 was let to Brisbane builder John William Young on 17 July. Young worked rapidly, employing an average of 50 to 70 men throughout the construction period. Foundations and cellar were commenced in early September and within four months the roof was being slated. By late April 1889 the elaborately decorated interior was sufficiently ready for furniture to be moved in (some had been specially built to complement interior finishes), and in June the Flower family took up residence.</p><br>
<p>The name of the house was derived from that of Flower&#39;s wife, Dora Kirk.</p><br>
<p>Although John Flower died, the family remained at Kirkston for over 50 years. In the early 1930s the site was subdivided amongst Flower&#39;s heirs and the house was bequeathed to Rupert Wickham Flower.</p><br>
<p>Richard Henry Trotter purchased the house on just over half an acre (0.2 hectare) in 1941, and apart from three years during the early 1940s when it housed an American military intelligence unit, Kirkston has remained a family residence. One of the more flamboyant of recent owners was Paddy John Stephens of Paddys Markets fame at Teneriffe (1982-7).</p><br>
<p>Kirkston remains a local landmark, with the early occupants commemorated by the local street names of Flower and Rupert.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Kirkston is a large two-storeyed brick residence with an attached single-storeyed service wing. It occupies a prominent hilltop position, with the roof line visible from many parts of suburban Lutwyche-Windsor.</p><br>
<p>The core, which is capped by a complex slate-clad roof of steeply pitched hips and gables, accommodates a number of truncated wings in the design.</p><br>
<p>Foundations are of cement and the face work of Hendra brick is protected by a damp course.</p><br>
<p>Wide verandahs to three sides are supported by chamfered timber posts with capitals and brackets, and feature fine cast-iron balustrading and a deep lattice frieze.</p><br>
<p>Fire escapes have been added, and an early garage of lesser quality has been attached to the northeast wall.</p><br>
<p>The main house comprises entrance vestibule, stair hall, living and dining rooms, study, library, breakfast room (with cellar below), and strongroom on the ground floor, and six bedrooms and two bathrooms on the first floor. Extra kitchens and bathrooms have been added throughout the house since the original construction.</p><br>
<p>Distinguishing the interior is a lavish use of stained glass and timber, including English oak and walnut, Tasmanian blackwood and Queensland greasenut. Leadlighting in the ceiling above the stair hall and around the front door is of particular note, as are the timber dado panelling, fireplace surrounds and overmantels in the principal rooms, particularly those in the dining room. A skylight has been installed in the roof over the stair hall to illuminate the glass ceiling.</p><br>
<p>A half-screen in timber and glass divides the dining and living rooms, and the bay window opening to the southern verandah is separated from the main part of the living room by double arches supported by a slender central timber column. Several of the rooms retain the original wallpaper and friezes, those of the drawing room being especially ornate and intact.</p><br>
<p>The service extension also is of brick, but the design is Gothic with attic rooms. Two rooms were added to this wing early in the twentieth century.</p><br>
<p>Two huge weeping figs and the original gateposts remain at the corner of Flower and Palmer Streets. These are included within the heritage listing, although separated from the house by later subdivisions.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Kirkston was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Kirkston, erected in 1888-1889, is significant as an ornate and substantially intact example of domestic architecture on the grand scale in Brisbane during the 1880s, with the opulence in form and finish reflecting the boom era mentality.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>It is a most accomplished building in design, features, finishes, materials, construction and setting, illustrating the principal characteristics of its type. Kirkston is important as a major early example of the domestic work of architect GHM Addison in Brisbane, the innovative design heralding subsequent Federation period building styles, and as evidence of the skill of builder John William Young.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The place is significant for its landmark quality and aesthetic contribution to the Windsor-Lutwyche townscape, and for its association with several of Brisbane&#39;s more prominent families and entrepreneurs.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The place is significant for its landmark quality and aesthetic contribution to the Windsor-Lutwyche townscape, and for its association with several of Brisbane&#39;s more prominent families and entrepreneurs.</p><br>
<p>Oakwal is a heritage-listed villa at 50 Bush Street, Windsor, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by architect James Cowlishaw and built in 1864 by John Petrie with subsequent modifications to. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 14 May 1993.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This substantial, single-storeyed stone residence, designed by Brisbane architect James Cowlishaw, was constructed in 1864 by contractor John Petrie for Justice James Cockle, at a cost of approximately £4,000.</p><br>
<p>Oakwal is thought to be the second residence on the site. An earlier house may have been erected -59 for Brisbane businessman Daniel Rountree Somerset, who in May 1858 purchased over 20 hectares of land north of Breakfast Creek, which included the Oakwal site, for a little over £120. Somerset had arrived in Brisbane with his family in 1850-51 and during the 1850s was in partnership with John Richardson in a Brisbane warehousing, shipping agency and customs agency business. He was active in the movement for the separation of Queensland, and in 1860 was appointed Chief Clerk of the Queensland Customs Department and Shipping Master for the Port of Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>By 1858 the Somersets were resident at Rosemount on Breakfast Creek. In December 1858 they advertised Rosemount and several other Brisbane allotments for sale. Descendants believe that the Somersets left Rosemount in April 1859, and that they lived at a residence on the later Oakwal site before selling it on nearly 16.2 hectares to James Cockle in 1863, for £1,000.</p><br>
<p>Cockle was Chief Justice of Queensland from 1863 to 1879, and as senior commissioner in 1866-67 he consolidated many of Queenslands earliest statutes. He was knighted in 1869. The Cockles commissioned prominent Brisbane architect James Cowlishaw to design their new residence, which they named Oakwal. It is believed they derived the name from Cockles birthplace at Great Oakley in Essex and his wife&#39;s birthplace of Walton in Suffolk.</p><br>
<p>The Cockles resided at Oakwal for 15 years, during which time Lady Cockle held an annual picnic for local school children in the substantial grounds. When Cockle left the colony in mid-1878 he rented out the house at £250 per annum. The most distinguished of his lessees was Sir Arthur Palmer, Queensland Premier from 1870–74, and later acting Queensland Governor in 1883 and 1888–89, who resided at Oakwal in the 1880s. Palmer remained in residence until 1890, despite the property having been sold to the original designer - architect, politician and newspaper proprietor James Cowlishaw - in 1888. A July 1888 newspaper report suggested that the house and lands exchanged hands for around £10,000.</p><br>
<p>Cowlishaw subdivided and sold off much of the Oakwal estate, but his relatives and their descendants have occupied the house since 1890. In the late 1940s a two-storeyed sandstone kitchen wing was demolished to enable the present land subdivision and the creation of Bush Street. The timber extension was added at this time. Sandstone blocks from the demolished service wing were utilised in the landscaping of the remaining grounds.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Oakwal, a single-storeyed sandstone residence on the crest of a hill just north of Breakfast Creek at Windsor, is encircled by Bush Street. The building exhibits a Georgian influence in its design, such as the symmetrical east elevation with portico, hammered stone walls, paired square timber verandah posts and louvred shutters to French doors.</p><br>
<p>The building has a slate U-shaped gabled roof with four sandstone chimneys, western gabled parapets, a central box gutter and lower skillion roof verandahs to the south, east and north with paired timber eave brackets. The entrance portico has a timber pediment with sandstone steps and base. Most of the south verandah has been enclosed for bathrooms and studies, and has a weatherboard base, shuttered casement windows and panel infill. The main entrance has double timber doors with fanlight and sidelights, and shuttered arched French doors with fanlights open onto the verandahs. A gabled wing with a corrugated iron roof has been added to the west. This timber addition has casement windows, a stone base and contains bathrooms, laundry and an office. A stone and weatherboard garage with a gabled roof of corrugated iron has been added to the northwest, sitting lower than the house and almost to the site boundary.</p><br>
<p>The floorplan consists of rooms opening off a central hallway with archways and a central domed skylight with a light shaft above. Internally, the building has cedar panelled doors with fanlights, architraves and skirtings, rendered masonry walls, plaster ceilings with decorative roses and timber floors with floor coverings. All principal rooms have fireplaces, of which only the front two rooms operate and have marble surrounds. The northwest room has been refitted as the kitchen. The west addition has single-skin tongue and groove walls.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Oakwal was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 14 May 1993 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Oakwal, erected in 1864, is one of the earliest villa residences established on the hills between Breakfast Creek and Kedron Brook in the mid-19th century, and is important in demonstrating the pattern of settlement and growth of Brisbane&#39;s northern suburbs.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The 1860s sandstone and slate residence is significant for its aesthetic quality, craftsmanship and intactness, including the internal cedar joinery, skylight, plaster ceiling roses, stonework and original beech floors, and remains a rare example of its type in Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The 1860s sandstone and slate residence is significant for its aesthetic quality, craftsmanship and intactness, including the internal cedar joinery, skylight, plaster ceiling roses, stonework and original beech floors, and remains a rare example of its type in Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>Oakwal is a fine example of the domestic work of prominent Brisbane architect James Cowlishaw, and has a special association with the Cockle, Palmer and Cowlishaw families - important judicial, political and social figures in 19th century Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The 1860s sandstone and slate residence is significant for its aesthetic quality, craftsmanship and intactness, including the internal cedar joinery, skylight, plaster ceiling roses, stonework and original beech floors, and remains a rare example of its type in Brisbane. The house and grounds are significant also for their landmark quality and townscape contribution.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Oakwal is a fine example of the domestic work of prominent Brisbane architect James Cowlishaw, and has a special association with the Cockle, Palmer and Cowlishaw families - important judicial, political and social figures in 19th century Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The Illinois Department of Mines and Minerals&#39; Springfield Mine Rescue Station is a historic mine rescue station located at 609 Princeton Avenue in Springfield, Illinois. Built in 1910-11, the station was the first dedicated institution established by any state to help prevent and recover from mining disasters. It trained both miners and dedicated rescue workers in proper safety procedures and emergency preparedness. The station was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 5, 1985.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Illinois was a major coal-producing state at the turn of the 20th century, and the rapid growth of its mining industry came with increased safety risks for miners. The 1909 Cherry Mine disaster, which claimed the lives of 259 miners, drew attention and public sentiment to the need for mining safety provisions. In response to the disaster, the Illinois government passed legislation to authorize the establishment of three mine rescue stations, one in each region of the state. The Springfield station served Central Illinois, while stations in LaSalle and Benton served the northern and southern thirds respectively. Construction on the stations began in 1910; the Springfield station was completed in January 1911, shortly before the other two, making it the first dedicated mine rescue station in the United States. In 1914, the state supplemented its efforts with three new stations in Herrin, Harrisburg, and Du Quoin.</p><br>
<p>The station served two main purposes: to train miners in proper safety procedures and to train special teams of rescuers who could respond to future mining emergencies. Its facilities included classrooms for training, including a special room that could simulate a smoke-filled mine, and living space for the rescue workers. A garage was added to the station in 1948 to accommodate the state&#39;s first mobile rescue unit, which allowed rescue workers to respond much more quickly to emergencies. The station continues to train miners and rescue workers; it is the northernmost of the four stations still in operation.</p><br>
<p>The John L. Lewis House is a historic house located at 11332 West Lawrence Avenue in Springfield, Illinois. The house was the home of American labor leader John L. Lewis from 1917 to 1965, encompassing the most productive and influential of his adult life. Born in 1880, Lewis became a coal miner at the age of 15 and quickly became active in union activities. Three years after he moved to his house in Springfield, Lewis became president of the United Mine Workers of America. Lewis became a prominent national labor leader in his new role, and he used his position to support union efforts in other industries as well. He founded the Congress of Industrial Organizations in 1935, becoming its first president, and helped lead strikes in the steel and automotive industries. Lewis retired from his presidency of the United Mine Workers in 1960 and died nine years later.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 10, 1979.</p><br>
<p>The Park Heathman Hotel, originally known as the Heathman Hotel, is a residential building in Portland, Oregon, that serves low-income seniors and disabled persons. Owned by Harsch Investment Properties, the building was renamed Park Tower Apartments in the 1980s.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Heathman era</h3><br>
<p>The Park Heathman Hotel was constructed by George E. Heathman in 1926 at the northeast corner of SW Park Avenue and Salmon Street, a year before he built the New Heathman Hotel one block away at the southwest corner of SW Broadway and Salmon Street. It was called the Heathman Hotel until construction of the New Heathman Hotel.</p><br>
<p>After voters approved construction of both the Burnside Bridge and the Ross Island Bridge, investors of the 1920s sought an expansion of Portland&#39;s commercial district south of Morrison Street in Downtown Portland. The downtown expansion effort coincided with a building frenzy all over town. The area of the South Park Blocks was part of the general direction of new construction, and new buildings included the Park Heathman Hotel, the Roosevelt Hotel (1924), the Congress Hotel expansion (1924, demolished in 1980), the Medical Arts Building (1925), the New Heathman Hotel (1927), the Portland Theater (1928), and the Pacific Building (1928). Over 184 new buildings were constructed in Portland in the 1920s, and 38 were hotels.</p><br>
<p>Heathman, a general contractor responsible for construction of the 112-room Roosevelt Hotel at the southwest corner of Park Avenue (9th Avenue) and Salmon Street in 1924, began construction of the 302-room Heathman Hotel in 1925 with plans provided by architects Claussen and Claussen. The original cost estimate for the Park Heathman Hotel was $700,000. Fully furnished, the hotel was estimated to cost over $1,000,000.</p><br>
<p>Radio station KOIN moved into the basement two weeks after the hotel opened, but the station moved to the New Heathman Hotel in 1927.</p><br>
<p>Soon after constructing the hotel, Heathman sold the property to E. V. Hauser, Sr., but he leased the hotel from Hauser and continued to operate it indirectly until his death in 1930. After that, members of the Heathman family operated the hotel.</p><br>
<p>Portland hotel construction stopped in the late-1920s after it was learned that average occupancy was less than 60 percent.</p><br>
<h3>John Haviland ownership</h3><br>
<p>After the death of son Harry Heathman in 1960, Heathman family interest in the hotel was sold to John Haviland. The name was changed from Park Heathman to Park Haviland in 1962. Haviland, after purchasing the Paramount Theater, constructed a sky bridge connecting the Park Haviland Hotel, the Paramount, and the New Heathman Hotel. For a time in the 1970s, he operated both hotels as the Paramount Heathman Hotel, but the older building was marketed more as a home for transients, elderly, and disabled persons, and it retained the name Park Haviland. Building inspectors closed the hotel in 1980 for building and fire code violations.</p><br>
<h3>Schnitzer family ownership</h3><br>
<p>The Schnitzer family purchased the hotel in 1980, and Jordan Schnitzer began a major renovation in 1982 to address code violations and to prepare the building for Section 8 subsidized housing. The name was changed to Park Tower Apartments, and the building reopened in December 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Historical significance</h2><br>
<p>The hotel was one of more than 184 buildings built as part of a construction boom in the 1920s. When built, it was the largest and most elegant hotel in Portland. The building boom emphasized vertical growth and an increase in commercial rather than residential development. By the end of the boom, the downtown area had shifted to the west and was characterized by taller buildings with ground level storefronts.</p><br>
<p>Many of the 1915 to 1931 buildings in the area have been demolished; by 2014, just ten of the 38 hotel buildings constructed during that era remained. Only the nearby New Heathman continued to operate as a hotel; most of the remaining had been repurposed, like the Park Heathman, as affordable housing.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Heathman Hotel in 2014.</p><br>
<p>Belintash  is a small plateau in the Rhodope Mountains in Bulgaria bearing traces of human activity. It is assumed that this is a cult site of the ancient Thracian, though the very essence and purpose are not yet fully understood. There are also suggestions that the sanctuary was dedicated to the god Sabazios  built and operated by the independent Thracian tribe Bessi. The upper platform of the plateau is marked with carved round holes, trails, niches and steps that some researches interpret as stellar map. It is claimed by some Bulgarian media that in 2006, anonymous tourists had discovered the so-called "Inscription of Belintash" - a petroglyph carved into the rocks, which according to some theorists, confirm that the Thracians had their own alphabet that pre-dates Greek alphabet. However, the authenticity of the petroglyph has not yet been confirmed or denied by archaeologists working on the site of Belintash.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The rocky plateau of Belintash (Белинташ) is located on the ridge of Dobrostan (Добростан) in the central part of the Rhodopes Mountains (Bulgaria). It is 3 km in the south of the village Vrata and 3 km in the south-west of the village of Sini Vruh (Сини връх). It is in central position in regard to a group of rock sanctuaries in the indicated above part of the mountain: Pitvoto, In Kaya, Turskata Kulya cromlech, Karadzhov Kamuk Arc and Haydushki Kamuk.</p><br>
<p>The plateau is a large rock elevation with a top area of about 5000sq.m., and south-north orientation of its longitudinal axis. Three areas – northern, central and southern – had formed on the plateau as a result of the rock sinking in most ancient times. The ancient Thracians cut in the north most part of the first area steps and niches of various sizes. Hundreds of round holes (about 300) are seen in the northern and central areas of the plateau, as well as two large "sterns" (used for sacrificial pits according to some theories) and cut in the rock beds for wooden beams. Two dug by treasure-hunters stone tumuli were discovered 500m in the north of the triangulation spot of Belintash. The tumuli mark the only way to the plateau and had been parts of a necropolis, the major part of which had been discovered.</p><br>
<h2>Discovery and research</h2><br>
<p>The first archaeological studies conducted on Belintash plateau by Bulgarian archaeologists Iveta Moreva - Arabova and Georgi Velev from Historical Museum of Asenovgrad (Bulgaria) took place in 1975.</p><br>
<p>The site had been studied during the 1980s by a team of Bulgarian archaeo-astronomers that made Belintash of interest in Bulgarian archaeology. According to the archaeo-astronomers the plateau was used as sanctuary used by ancient Thracians as well as a solar observatory – to satisfy the needs of certain agricultural and religious activities of society at the time.</p><br>
<p>A silver votive plate from Roman period with the representation of Dionysus-Sabazius was found among the rocks. It is kept now in the collections of Bulgarian National Institute of Archaeology with Museum at Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. According to Bulgarian archaeologist Dr. Ivan Hristov, the silver plate should be dated in an earlier epoch. A resemblance with a monument that was discovered in 2004 in the already famous tumulus of Svetitsata near the town of Shipka, Bulgaria gave a reason to this conclusion of Hristov. The above-mentioned monument is the gold mask of so-called Teres discovered by Bulgarian archaeologist Dr. Georgi Kitov and has almost identical facial features with those of the male figure on the silver plate found among the megalithic rocks in the base of the Belintash plateau.</p><br>
<p>Jiuduansha is a collection of four intertidal wetland shoals at the mouth of China&#39;s Yangtze River. They are administered as an island region of the municipality of Shanghai&#39;s Pudong New Area.</p><br>
<p>These shoals and the submerged land surrounding them to a depth of 6 m form the Jiuduansha Wetland Nature Reserve. The entire area stretches roughly 46.3 km east to west and 25.9 km north to south, covering an area of 423.5 km&sup2, The area is considered one of the national urban wetland parks of China and forms part of the China Biosphere Reserve Network. A 1996 field study found that, for seven bird species investigated, the number present at Jiuduansha exceeded 1% of the world&#39;s total for the species, establishing it as a Wetland of International Importance.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>Although Jiuduansha literally translates as "Nine-Part Sands", the number nine is here being used in a colloquial way similar to English several. and sometimes translated as Upper, Middle, Lower, and South Jiuduansha. South Jiuduansha is known as Jiangya Nansha in Chinese after the pinyin romanization of the SS Kiangya, the passenger steamer which exploded nearby (probably owing to a mine from the Second World War or the Chinese Civil War) in 1948.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Jiuduansha originally formed part of the Waitongsha shoal, but frequent floods of the Yangtze in 1949 and 1954 connected a series of troughs and separated Jiuduansha from the Tongsha shoal. In March 2000 In the time since its introduction, the cordgrass has been found to have become invasive, and degrading parts of the wetlands. A wetland museum, as well as a Science Popularization Park on about 5 km&sup2; of the island, are planned to increase public awareness and support.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<p>Jiuduansha is the spawning ground for the hairy crab, one of the most important products of the Chinese fishing industry and a delicacy of the cuisine of Shanghai and eastern China. The shoals also host large communities of Cipango and Siberian prawn and swimming crabs. and 14 protected species of birds, including the black-faced spoonbill. All 14 observed species of aquatic mammals are protected and Jiuduansha is thought to be the most important habitat in China for the finless porpoise, the bottlenose dolphin, and the spotted seal.</p><br>
<p>The Patapsco Hotel is historic granite building located in Ellicott City, Maryland, on the western bank of the Patapsco River.</p><br>
<p>The current Patapsco Hotel is built with materials from an older granite construction hotel on the same site and is known as the Thomas Patapsco Hotel, Wilson Patapsco Hotel, Stewarts Hotel, and McGowan&#39;s Hotel.</p><br>
<p>The original Thomas Hotel was four stories tall made of local quarried granite stone block. The rear wall of the first floor is imbedded into a solid granite hillside. It served as a stagecoach stop along the National Pike road. The hotel was later called Stewarts Hotel featuring a bar and bowling alley. In 1806, Chief Little Turtle of the Miami people, Chief of the Rusheville people, Beaver Crow of the Delawares, Chiefs of the Shawanese, and the chief Raven of the Potowatomies visited George Ellicott staying at his home and the Hotel while returning from a visit to Washington, D.C. The second floor balcony led to and served as an unloading terminal for the B&O Railroad at Ellicott&#39;s Mills. Henry Clay once performed a speech from the balcony during a presidential campaign. During the civil war, the hotel was considered a host of Southern Sedition. The Hotel operated as late as 1879. For a period the hotel was used for an ice house for a period. In 1920, the hotel owned by Hezekiah I Thomas was not in use with the windows broken and the county condemned the property. In 1926 a wall adjacent the railroad collapsed, causing street car service to be halted. Passenger cars had to halt as an inspector would check for enlargement of cracks before they could pass the building.</p><br>
<p>A new twelve-bay-wide, four-bay-deep three-story building was constructed on the same site with the same granite stones named the Patapsco Hotel. The original foundation was used, including some standing walls. The building was converted into an apartment house in the 1940s. The building now houses shops on the bottom floor and apartments above. The Property was later purchased by Samuel H. Caplan who operated several long standing businesses in Ellicott City.</p><br>
<p>The Potter Section House is a historic section house in Anchorage Borough, Alaska. It is located at Mile 115.3 of the Seward Highway and Mile 100.6 of the Alaska Railroad. It is a 1-1/2 story wood frame structure with a gable roof. The main facade has a center entrance flanked by sash windows, while the rear facade also has an entrance but only a single window. Built in 1929 to a slight variation from a standard plan, it is the last of four section houses to survive on the Anchorage stretch of the railroad. The building was used as housing for workers on the surround section of railroad until section-based maintenance was discontinued in 1978. It currently hosts the Chugach State Park headquarters.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>Kiskiack  is the name of an early 17th-century brick building, originally built as a private residence, which still stands at the Naval Weapons Station Yorktown in York County, Virginia. This brick structure, the oldest building owned by the USA Navy, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was named for the historic Kiskiack, an Algonquian-speaking tribe of the Powhatan Confederacy, who occupied this area at the time of English colonization.</p><br>
<p>It is one-and-a-half stories, built with a gable roof at a relatively steep pitch of 55 degrees. All four walls were laid in Flemish bond, with English bond below the glazed water table. It has a central passage plan and the entrance facade on the west is symmetrical, with a central doorway. Due to a fire in 1915, much of the interior was destroyed but the house is structurally preserved.</p><br>
<p>The house was built on property acquired in 1641 English immigrant colonist Dr. Henry Harry Lee, who added to his property in 1650 and 1653. He served as a justice of the court of York County in 1646 and was elected to the House of Burgesses in 1656. He married Marah Adkins Fulgate. (Lees descendants spelled the name of the property as "Kiskiak.") Marahs father was the minister who officiated at the 17th-century marriage of Pocahontas, the Powhatan&#39;s daughter, and English colonist John Rolfe.</p><br>
<p>While not definitive, more current genealogical review suggests that Dr. Henry Lee (1597–1657) (Thomas Leigh3, Thomas2, Humphrey1), and Col. Richard Henry Lee (1618–1664) (John4, Richard3, Johannes2, Humphrey1), were possibly 2nd cousins once removed, with Richards father, John Lee/Lye II, being Dr. Lees 2nd cousin. A close relationship between the two men is indicated from a 1915 article titled "The Lee Family York County, Virginia":</p><br>
<p>"Mr. Henry Lee sat on the same bench with Mr. Richard Lee. Mr. Richard Lee was a burgess for York Co. in 1647, and Mr. Henry Lee was Burgess in 1652. While this close connection might suggest close relationship, there is still other evidence. Richard Lee was surety for Henry Lee in a bond recorded Sept. 25, 1646, to indemnify Mrs. Sibella Felgate (stepmother of Marah Buck Adkins Felgate Lee), widow of Capt. Robert Felgate, decd., for turning over to Henry Lee nine cattle belonging to John Adkins. The bond explains that those cattle were formerly in the custody of Capt. Robert Felgate, who married the mother of the said John Adkins, brother of Marah, the wife of the above named Henry Lee. Felgates Creek received its name from Captain Robert Felgate, who, with his brother, Tobias Felgate, a well known ship captain, patented land now known as "Ringfield," in the neck made by Felgates Creek and Kings Creek as they enter York River. It is also to be noticed that the bond of Henry and Richard Lee above mentioned was witnessed by William Lee, who was a physician and merchant in York County." (William and Mary College Quarterly, Vol. 24, No. 1, p, 46). Witness William Lee may have been Henrys brother.</p><br>
<p>It is not known if Lee or one of his descendants built the house; it is in the style of the late 17th century and could have been built by his son or grandson. It is described as "a rare survival of a typical early Virginia country house. The quality of both its design and construction is a testament to the high standards of craftsmanship attained by Virginians during the first century of settlement." The T-shaped chimney stacks were assessed as the most significant architectural feature of the house. A small Lee family cemetery is nearby.</p><br>
<p>The Lee family owned the property until 1918, when it and adjoining lands were acquired by the federal government for the Naval Mine Depot. This installation what ultimately developed as Naval Weapons Station Yorktown and is off-limits to the general public.</p><br>
<p>Years later, Barbara Blunt Brooks of Richmond, Virginia donated one of Dr. Lee&#39;s hand-crafted tables to the Naval Weapons Museum. This table is one of two identical tables known to have been made by Lee; the location of the other is unknown.</p><br>
<p>The house was photographed and measured for the HABS, and numerous photos are available.(See link below). It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and the Virginia Landmarks Register.</p><br>
<p>The Swift Creek Reservoir is a 1700-acre, 5.2 billion gallon, man made lake in Chesterfield County, Virginia. It provides 20 per cent of the county&#39;s water supply, and has a watershed area of 61.9 square miles. It is fed by eight tributary creeks: Little Tomahawk Creek, Tomahawk Creek, Swift Creek, Otterdale Creek, Deep Creek, West Branch, Dry Creek, and Fuqua Creek. The reservoir provides drinking water, hydro electric power, and a recreational area to Chesterfield residents.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Swift Creek Reservoir was built in 1965 as a CCC (Civilian Conservation Corps) project. It was built to be a public water supply for surrounding communities. The dams were to provide hydro electric power to some of Chesterfield county. In 1992, the Watershed Management Committee was established by the Board of Supervisors to protect and preserve the reservoir. They established limits on construction and oversaw development and maintenance of nearby communities. In 2000 the Watershed Management Master Plan was started to reach former goals such as stormwater treatment facilities and reduction of all pollutants. In more recent years projects have been undertaken to improve the infrastructure on and around the reservoir including repairing and replacing multiple bridges.</p><br>
<h2>Real estate</h2><br>
<p>There are two major developments that are built on the waterfront of the reservoir, Brandermill and Woodlake, and many other small neighborhoods.</p><br>
<p>The A.C. Jeffery Farmstead is a historic farmhouse in rural Izard County, Arkansas. It is located at the northern end of County Road 18, north of the hamlet of Mount Olive.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>It is a two-story wood frame I-house with a traditional central hall plan, and a kitchen ell extending to the rear (east) of the main block. The front faces west, overlooking the White River, and has a two-story porch extending across the center three bays of the five-bay facade. The interior features woodwork and hardware original to the building&#39;s c. 1848 construction. The house was built by Augustus Jeffery, the son of Jehoiada Jeffery, the first permanent white settler in north-central Arkansas, and is one of the oldest houses in the region.</p><br>
<p>The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 11, 1994.</p><br>
<p>The Forest of Retz  is one of the largest forests of France, covering some 13,000 hectares in the Aisne about 80 km northeast of Paris. It is a national forest  in the Picardie region.</p><br>
<p>One characteristic that sets the Forest of Retz apart from other French national forests, where the actual forested cover has fluctuated, the forest here has scarcely changed since it was set apart, en futaie, in 1672.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>2nd millennium</h3><br>
<p>The forest is a relict of the ancient forested cover, though as deforestation progressed, this was not identified as a distinct unity until the 12th century. when it formed part of the vast tracts belonging to the counts of Valois, an immense forested expanse that reached from Retheuil, Chaudin and Buzancy as far as the River Marne, but was reduced and fragmented by increasing agricultural uses during the Middle Ages.</p><br>
<p>In 1214 Philip Augustus attached the forest to the royal domain and dictated the first ordonnances to guide its maintenance by foresters called sergents du roi, under the governor of royal châteaux of Villers-Cotterêts and of Vivières.</p><br>
<p>The period of the Hundred Years&#39; War (1337–1453) marked depredations on the woodlands.</p><br>
<p>In 1346, the Valois King Philip VI of France promulgated the first codified forestry law, the ordonnance de Brunoy, which gave birth to the designated Maître des Eaux et Forêts, a member of the Maison du Roi. The kingdom&#39;s first Maître des Eaux et Forêts was installed at the château de Villers-Cotterêts in the Forest of Retz.</p><br>
<p>In 1499, the Forest of Retz returned to a royal apanage, held by François de Valois, soon to be King François I. The King expressed his appreciation of this forest in numerous works and improvements that included the piercing of rides suited to the hunt now overseen by a Capitaine de chasses, and rebuilding the château de Villers-Cotterêts, for which new sources of water were tapped, which also served the village. A more rational forestry was established and poachers of the king&#39;s game were apprehended.</p><br>
<h3>3rd millennium</h3><br>
<p>On 8 January 2015, the forest became the center of an extensive manhunt for brothers Saïd and Chérif Kouachi, who were the two main suspects of a terrorist attack against the French satirical magazine Charlie Hebdo. The following day, both suspects were found at a signage production company in Dammartin-en-Goële. After an hours-long standoff, the Kouachi brothers were fatally shot by police.</p><br>
<p>Built in 1821, DeVault Tavern is a two-story brick building in the federal style in Jonesborough, Tennessee with a lower and upper front porch. The porch is of wood construction and has a small pediment. A two-story ell extends to the rear and some enclosure has been made on the side porch of the ell. The brick is Flemish bond and the house rests on a limestone foundation. The windows are original, as are the shutters. Detail under the eaves and around the porch is hand-carved and gives the appearance of a honeycomb; this detail is found in several early houses in Washington County. A log slave cabin remains in the back yard and the original brick spring house is just across the road from the DeVault Tavern. This structure stands on the Great Stage Road between Abingdon, Virginia, and Knoxville, Tennessee. Andrew Jackson stayed at the tavern, as did General John Hunt Morgan of the Confederate Army on the night before his death.</p><br>
<p>The Sulphur Springs Methodist Campground is a historic religious summer campground near Jonesborough, Tennessee.</p><br>
<p>This one-story open air camp meeting shed with gable on hipped</p><br>
<p>roof is rectangular, measures approximately 72 x 45 feet, and has</p><br>
<p>a nave plan. The structure is supported by hewn and pegged timber</p><br>
<p>truss work. It features a stage, unfinished plank pews, and a</p><br>
<p>packed earth and sawdust floor. Sulphur Springs Methodist Campground was founded following the</p><br>
<p>Great Revival of 1800. First meetings here may have occurred as</p><br>
<p>early as 1815. In 1842 temporary brush arbors were abandoned</p><br>
<p>for a more permanent structural complex. The present shed as well</p><br>
<p>as the other buildings, now extinct, were reconstructed according</p><br>
<p>to the same plan and shape and utilizing the same materials in</p><br>
<p>1900.</p><br>
<p>Craigellachie is a heritage-listed detached house at 10 Fosbery Street, Windsor, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was built by its owner John Grant, a stonemason. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Craigellachie, a single-storeyed masonry residence, was constructed during the late 1880s boom. It was a resubdivision of Windsor-Lutwyche for closer settlement. It was erected by master stonemason John Grant as his family home.</p><br>
<p>In 1887 Grant purchased just over an acre of land in what was then known as Alice Street. Two years later he raised a mortgage of £450 on the property, which most likely financed the construction of the house in late 1889 or early 1890.</p><br>
<p>Whether the house was always known as Craigellachie is unclear, as the name does not appear in post office directories until 1904.</p><br>
<p>Grant and his wife Jane raised eight children at Craigellachie. He died aged forty-five in December 1899, but the house remained the property of the Grant family until 1974.</p><br>
<p>The residence was converted into three flats probably in the late 1940s or 1950s, but was refurbished in the mid-1970s. The interior was returned to its original layout, paint to joinery and doors was removed, and the exterior was renovated.</p><br>
<p>Craigellachie remains a family home.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Craigellachie is a modestly proportioned, single-storeyed house with fine stone detailing and Georgian features unusual in a house of this size. It retains its original attached brick service wing and two cellars beneath the core.</p><br>
<p>The main building is constructed of Brisbane tuff, sandstone and brick, with timber floors and an iron roof. Most likely the adjacent Windsor quarry across Lutwyche Road supplied the stone for the foundations and walls, and it is believed the dressed sandstone employed on quoining and facings originated from the Albion Quarry behind Bartley&#39;s Hill. Bricks used in the kitchen house and internal walls were probably manufactured locally, Lutwyche-Windsor being an early brickmaking centre.</p><br>
<p>The front features twin projecting gables, each with a circular louvred vent in the gable end, plain bargeboards, timber console brackets, fretwork infill, finial and pendant.</p><br>
<p>It is unified by a full-length verandah resting on brick piers. This is shaded by a convex corrugated iron roof supported by timber posts with capitals and fretwork brackets. The balustrade is of cast aluminium.</p><br>
<p>Internally the house consists of a wide, central arched hallway with to the right a living and dining room, each with a cedar fireplace, and to the left three bedrooms.</p><br>
<p>All the windows are sashed, and joinery and doors (with fanlights) throughout are of cedar. A doorway into the front living room has been widened at some stage.</p><br>
<p>There is an attached brick kitchen wing at the western rear of the building and an L-shaped back verandah. This is unadorned. Recent owners have installed new bathrooms in the core and have renovated the kitchen wing to include a modern kitchen, breakfast room, laundry and shower room.</p><br>
<p>Externally the house remains substantially intact.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Craigellachie was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>Craigellachie is significant as a rare Brisbane example of stone and brick employed in a non-elite home of the 1880s.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Craigellachie is significant as a surviving Brisbane example of a late nineteenth century artisan&#39;s home and for its contribution to the Lutwyche-Windsor townscape, which retains a number of nineteenth century masonry buildings.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Craigellachie is an accomplished building in design, detail and material, which contributes aesthetically to the streetscape.</p><br>
<p>Craigellachie is significant as a surviving Brisbane example of a late nineteenth century artisan&#39;s home and for its contribution to the Lutwyche-Windsor townscape, which retains a number of nineteenth century masonry buildings.</p><br>
<p>The Grange is a heritage-listed detached house at 38 Crowther Street, Windsor, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was built from to 1877. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This small brick house appears to have been constructed as a family home for Lutwyche brickmaker William Williams, who in that year acquired 9 hectares of land at Lutwyche, including the house site, from Brisbane businessman Nehemiah Bartley. The kitchen was erected in 1877 by contractor John William Young for £69/10/-, being labour only.</p><br>
<p>Williams was associated with the development of Lutwyche as Brisbane&#39;s principal brickmaking district in the 1870s and 1880s, and it is likely that the bricks for his own house and kitchen were supplied from the brickworks on his Lutwyche property. Although Williams had arrived in Queensland from England by early 1864 and was at Lutwyche in 1865, he does not appear to have commenced brickmaking until the 1870s. Some of the first bricks produced by him were used in construction of the Old Government Printery), erected in 1874. By 1888 Williams owned four brickyards, including the Milton Brickworks on River Road at Toowong, and was producing the highest per annum output of bricks in the Lutwyche area. Mrs Williams managed the business from, and Williams and his son William, worked two of the brickyards themselves.</p><br>
<p>Following Williams&#39; death in the early 1890s, the freehold passed to his widow, who sold the house in 1904. The land has been subdivided since, but the house remains a family home.</p><br>
<p>Fullers Street at Lutwyche was originally named Williams Street, after the early brickmaker and his family, and nearby Brickfield Street recalls the brickmaking enterprise which Williams established at Lutwyche in the 1870s.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Grange, located on the crest of a rise at the southwest corner of Crowther and Fuller streets, consists of a residence fronting Crowther Street to the east with a detached kitchen house to the west.</p><br>
<p>The residence is a single-storeyed rendered masonry structure with an attic and corrugated iron gable roof. The building has verandahs to four sides with curved corrugated iron awnings, timber posts with shaped brackets and brick paving. Timber sash windows have been built to match early windows in the kitchen house, and timber front and rear doors are later additions.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the building has four rooms with fireplaces to both north rooms and a central entry to the east and west. The northeast room has cedar cupboards either side of the fireplace and the northwest room has an early timber staircase to the attic. The floor consists of a recent 20mm concrete slab laid over sand on a bed of original brick bats. Walls are lime plastered with horse hair, and have original concrete skirting. Internal timber doors are not original. The attic has a recent ensuite at the north end, and a single Velux roof window has been inserted on the southwestern side.</p><br>
<p>The kitchen house is a single-storeyed masonry structure, partly rendered, with a corrugated iron gable roof. The building has a verandah to the west with a corrugated iron awning, timber posts and brick paving, and early timber doors and sash windows.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the building is a single room with a fireplace at the north end, a recent timber floor and limewash finish to the walls. A single Velux roof window has been inserted on the eastern side.</p><br>
<p>A weatherboard boathouse/living area with a corrugated iron gable roof has been added to the northwest of the kitchen house, and a later weatherboard bunkhouse with a hipped corrugated iron roof has been added to the southwest.</p><br>
<p>A timber pigeon coop is located in the northwest corner of the site, and a timber picket fence surrounds the eastern side of the residence.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The Grange was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Grange is important in demonstrating the 19th century development of Windsor-Lutwyche as a brick-making district, and is significant as a rare surviving brick, gable-style artisan&#39;s home of the 1870s, which offers rare surviving evidence of 1870s brick construction in Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The Grange is important in demonstrating the 19th century development of Windsor-Lutwyche as a brick-making district, and is significant as a rare surviving brick, gable-style artisan&#39;s home of the 1870s, which offers rare surviving evidence of 1870s brick construction in Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Grange is important in demonstrating the 19th century development of Windsor-Lutwyche as a brick-making district, and is significant as a rare surviving brick, gable-style artisan&#39;s home of the 1870s, which offers rare surviving evidence of 1870s brick construction in Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>It exhibits a range of aesthetic characteristics, including the contribution through scale, form and materials to the local streetscape and Windsor townscape; the quality of the interiors, including early fittings and finishes; and the spatial relationship of the building group and grounds, including later additions.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the Williams family and their contribution to the development of the brick-making industry in the Windsor-Lutwyche area.</p><br>
<p>Skilmorlie is a heritage-listed detached house at 16 Bryden Street, Windsor, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was built from to 1920s. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 15 October 1998.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Skilmorlie, a small, two-storeyed brick residence, is believed to have been erected for John Bryden, an Irish immigrant cabinet maker and later property owner who arrived in Brisbane. The house is one of the earliest surviving in the Windsor-Lutwyche district.</p><br>
<p>During the 1850s the land along Breakfast Creek (Enoggera Creek) in the Windsor area was surveyed into farms, but by the end of the decade, most had been alienated by property speculators, and in the 1860s these were sold to Brisbane gentlemen seeking a semi-rural domestic retreat. By 1860 Daniel Rowntree Somerset had built the first section of Rosemount (next to Skilmorlie) and the first Oakwal on the hill opposite, but an important early impetus to Windsor&#39;s development was the construction of Bowen Bridge across Breakfast Creek in 1861. In 1864 the Chief Justice of Queensland, Sir James Cockle, commissioned a grand new Oakwal on the site of the old, and in the area west of the main northern road (now Lutwyche Road) and south of what is now Newmarket Road down to Breakfast Creek, merchant David L Brown, colonial architect Charles Tiffin, and newspaper proprietor James Swan took up residence in the 1860s. South of the creek, John Bramston had built his house Herston (which gives its name to the suburb of Herston) in 1861 and further upstream, Ballymore was constructed in 1864 for Lieutenant DJ Seymour. When Skilmorlie and its sister house Fernfield were erected in 1873, there appear to have been two other early residences to the south of them, on the eastern side of Bowen Bridge Road (now Lutwyche Road). Of these mid-19th century Windsor/Herston residences, only Oakwal and the two Bryden homes survive. (The present Rosemount was constructed in the 1890s.) In terms of surviving 1860s/1870s buildings in the Windsor district (and for that matter Brisbane), Skilmorlie and Fernfield are very significant.</p><br>
<p>In the mid-19th century, the Skilmorlie site was part of a block of just under 21 acres fronting Breakfast Creek to the east and the main northern road to the west, alienated in 1856 by Brisbane businessman George Byrne. In February 1873, surveyor, architect and civil engineer John Hall surveyed the land into three subdivisions, each with a frontage to Bowen Bridge Road. The northernmost allotment (sub 1: 4 acres 3 roods 11 perches) was transferred to John Bryden in May 1873; the middle allotment (sub 2: 4 acres 3 roods) was transferred at the same time to Bryden&#39;s younger brother James, a successful Brisbane cabinetmaker and upholsterer; and sub 3 (11 acres 1 rood), closest to Bowen Bridge, was retained by the Byrne family. The 1873 survey does not indicate any building extant on subdivisions 1 and 2.</p><br>
<p>On his Windsor land, James Bryden erected his new residence, Fernfield, designed by architect John Hall, who called tenders in March 1873. The residence was under construction by May 1873, and was to cost £700. Whether Skilmorlie also was designed by Hall is not known, but the materials and brickwork in the two buildings are remarkably similar, which suggests that the two residences were constructed about the same time. The skirting boards in both buildings are of the same profile, and the bricks used in both buildings are a dark reddish-brown, similar to those used in the 1874 Queensland Government Printing Office in William Street. The latter were supplied from William Williams&#39; Lutwyche brickworks, and Williams could well have supplied the bricks for the Bryden residences at nearby Windsor. The Enoggera electoral roll dated 13 January 1875 records both John and James Bryden as resident on Bowen Bridge Road.</p><br>
<p>The Bryden brothers were the sons of an Irish Protestant cabinetmaker, James Bryden, of Newry, co Down. John, also a cabinetmaker by trade, had arrived in Sydney in March 1841, aged 30 years and single. He was still resident in Sydney in September 1842 when he purchased an allotment at South Brisbane, at an early sale of Brisbane Crown land held in Sydney, but is understood to have moved to Brisbane shortly after. During the 1840s and 1850s John Bryden acquired a number of allotments at north and south Brisbane, and appears to have been associated with contractor John Petrie. He married Susanna Trevethan in Brisbane in 1861, but there were no children from this marriage.</p><br>
<p>In the mid-1850s, James Bryden, his sister Isabella, and their niece Martha Jane Brennan, emigrated to the Australian colonies. They were in Victoria for about 3 years prior to joining John in Brisbane. By 1863 James had established a cabinetmaking and upholstery business on an allotment on the west side of Queen Street between Creek and Wharf Streets, Brisbane - probably that acquired by John Bryden at a sale of Crown land in 1852.</p><br>
<p>At Windsor, James and Isabella Bryden and Martha Brennan resided at Fernfield, and James and his wife Susanna lived at Skilmorlie. The two residences stand less than 50 metres apart. A Brennan descendant recorded that one access drive from Bowen Bridge Road serviced both houses, and that Skilmorlie was almost hidden behind trees.</p><br>
<p>Johns wife Susanna died in 1881, and following Johns death in 1890, aged 80, title to Skilmorlie passed to trustees. The Brennan family understands that Martha Brennan, who by April 1890 owned Fernfield (James Bryden had died in 1888 and Isabella in 1889), encouraged her brother David, an Irish master mariner, to emigrate to Brisbane with his family about this time, and to make Skilmorlie their home. David Brennan was resident at Bowen Bridge Road in March 1890 when he certified the death of his uncle John Bryden, and is identified in the 1893 Queensland Post Office Directory as resident at Skilmorley house, Bowen Bridge-road. This is the first known recorded reference to the name of the house. From the early 1900s it was spelt Skilmorlie in the directories.</p><br>
<p>The Brennans occupied Skilmorlie until the early 1920s. In July 1923 title to Skilmorlie, on a reduced site of just over an acre, was transferred from Queensland Trustees to Annabella Catherine Brennan, widow of David Brennan. Almost immediately this property was subdivided into 6 residential allotments - three fronting Lutwyche Road and three fronting Bryden Street, the western end of which was surveyed at this time from Skilmorlie land. Rental houses (occupied by ) were erected on each of the vacant allotments, and Skilmorlie was converted into flats with a weatherboard extension on the southern end and the western verandahs enclosed so that the house now addresses Bryden Street rather than Lutwyche Road. Skilmorlie stayed within the Brennan family as a rental property until mid-1996.</p><br>
<p>Subsequently, Skilmorlie was renovated to be the reception and administration centre of the Windsor International Hotel.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Skilmorlie occupies a high block, one allotment east of Lutwyche Road, with extensive views over Windsor, Herston, Fortitude Valley and Bowen Hills. The building fronted Lutwyche Road to the west, but has been extended and now addresses Bryden Street (off Lutwyche Road) to the south.</p><br>
<p>The building comprises a two-storeyed brick core, with a weatherboard extension and verandah enclosures. The brick section is built on a stone (porphyry) base and has a rectangular plan form and a central tripled-flued chimney stack. It has a steeply-pitched roof clad with galvanised iron, probably replacing earlier shingles, with the end north and south brick walls each culminating in a gable. Almost all the exterior walls have been painted, but a small uncovered section on the east wall shows the dark reddish-brown facebricks and early tuckpointing. The brickwork is a variation of English bond. All the window openings, with their arched lintels, survive, as do the early sash windows. Verandahs on both levels along the western side of the brick core have been enclosed with weatherboards and windows. There is evidence on the external east wall of a single-storeyed skillion having been attached to the building at an early stage, but this has been replaced with a weatherboard extension with a less steeply pitched skillion roof.</p><br>
<p>The internal walls of the section are of brick also. Ceilings are high and are plastered throughout, as are the walls. It is not clear whether early lath and plaster work survives in the ceilings, but the plaster on the walls appears to be mostly original. Floors upstairs and in the two main downstairs rooms are of wide boards. The downstairs front and back verandahs and hallway have early concrete floors resting on a stone (porphyry) base. There are deep timber skirting boards and architraves throughout. The fanlights to the doorways remain, but most of the internal doors, and the timber fireplace surrounds, have been removed.</p><br>
<p>The brick core comprises two rooms up and two down, with a hallway along the southern end of the ground floor leading from what was originally the front door in the western wall to a small stair hall in the SE corner of the building. There is an original arch between the hallway and the stair hall, and an early back door in the eastern external wall below the staircase. The lack of a central hallway is unusual in a house of this period, suggesting the design was the work of a competent architect who maximised the size and functionality of the rooms by offsetting the hallway.</p><br>
<p>The western downstairs room opens off the hallway, and the eastern off the stair hall. There is a doorway in the wall between these two rooms, which also have back-to-back fireplaces. The fireplace in the eastern room is much larger than its twin, and it is likely that originally the eastern room was a kitchen with a connecting door to the western room, which was probably a dining room. There is a door in the eastern external wall of the former kitchen, leading to the rear verandah. A door in the north wall of the former kitchen leads to what is now the backyard.</p><br>
<p>Upstairs, there is no hallway, and both rooms open off the stair landing. The western room is the most spacious in the building and opens onto the upstairs verandah. There is a fireplace in this room, but not in the room behind it.</p><br>
<p>During the renovations, two additional doors, one on each floor, were cut in the southern end wall of the brick core, giving access to the weatherboard extension. Apart from this modification, the brick core survives substantially intact and sound.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Skilmorlie was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 15 October 1998 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Skilmorlie, erected, is significant for its close association with the development of Windsor in the mid-19th century as a middle-class suburb, and with the development of nearby Lutwyche as Brisbanes principal brick-making district late 1860s-1890s. It is one of the earliest surviving residences in the Windsor-Lutwyche district, contemporaneous with adjacent Fernfield, and with brick-maker William Williams own residence (now known as The Grange) at Lutwyche.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>It is a rare surviving 1870s brick, two-storeyed, gable-styled dwelling in Brisbane, and offers a rare and valuable contribution to present knowledge of 1870s brick construction and design in Brisbane. Queensland-wide, buildings of this type and materials are rare.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The potential contribution of this building to further research on 1870s building techniques, materials and design, on the development of early brick-making in Brisbane, and on the evolution of Brisbane&#39;s inner northern suburbs, cannot be underestimated.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Skilmorlie is significant also as a substantially intact example of a modest but well built, detailed and designed, two-storeyed 1870s brick residence in Brisbane. A few brick, two-storeyed terrace houses and shop houses from the 1860s and 1870s survive in Brisbane, but there are even fewer detached brick residences of this type and period surviving, and large homes such as Glen Lyon (1876) at Ashgrove are of a grander scale than Skilmorlie.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Despite the unsympathetic renovations, Skilmorlie retains an innate aesthetic quality and significance, a combination of the scale, form, design and materials of the early brick core. Behind the weatherboard extension and enclosed verandahs remains a well-proportioned Georgian-styled building of some considerable charm.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The place is valued by the local community, who regard Skilmorlie, and adjacent Fernfield, as part of the unique heritage of Windsor.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>It is significant for its close association with the Bryden-Brennan families, who occupied the house for 50 years and retained it as a rental property for another 70. In particular, it has a close association with John Bryden, who participated in the first wave of free settlement in Brisbane in the early 1840s.</p><br>
<p>Rosemount Hospital is a heritage-listed hospital at 189 Lutwyche Road, Windsor, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1850s to 1940s. It is also known as Rosemount, Rosemount Military Hospital, and Rosemount Repatriation General Hospital. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 24 September 1999.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The former residence of Rosemount and its grounds on Lutwyche Road at Windsor have served several different functions over more than a century. Originally a home to several notable Brisbane identities, the site was transformed into a military hospital during World War I and has also served as a repatriation hospital, psychiatric facility and as a centre for rehabilitation.</p><br>
<p>Allotment 13 on which the original Rosemount residence was built was granted to Charles Windmell in March 1855. Daniel Rowntree Somerset purchased this allotment (and allotments 11 and 12) in August 1855 and built a lofty house of stone containing drawing room, dining room, four bedrooms and hall with marble chimney pieces, enriched cornices and centres which he offered for sale in 1858-59. The property on 77 acres, also included a detached kitchen built of stone containing a pantry store room and two servants rooms; a coach house and stable built of hardwood slabs and an acre of garden well stocked with flowers, shrubs and fruit trees. The property was first leased and then purchased in July 1865 by Maurice Charles OConnell. OConnell and his wife Eliza Emmaline came to Brisbane in 1860 after a six-year term as Government Resident at Port Curtis (now Gladstone). He was a grandson of Governor William Bligh, and was very prominent in the affairs of the colony of New South Wales. He was a founding member of the Queensland Legislative Council and its president until 1879. A highly respected and involved public figure, OConnell was appointed Administrator of the Colony in the absence of the Governor on four occasions. A locality in Windsor was named OConnelltown in his familys honour and Le Geyt Street was named after Lady OConnells maiden name.</p><br>
<p>OConnell immediately began subdividing and selling allotments 11 and 12 as smaller building sites. He took out three mortgages of £1500 in July 1865, £605 in August and £367/5 in September 1866 on Allotment 13. It is not certain what he did with the loans but in 1872, OConnell lost the property comprising the house and 24 acres 36 perches to Mary Jones after she exercised her power of sale when the O&#39;Connells defaulted on repaying the £1500 loan. Jones transferred the property to Francis Sophia Jones, wife of the Reverend Thomas Jones of All Saints Anglican Church, Wickham Terrace and the property was then offered for sale or to let in May 1872. The description of the house at this time closely matches that when the house was sold by Somerset, suggesting that no major construction work had been undertaken. The property was described as being built of stone, consisting of six rooms with detached kitchen, storeroom and larder. There were also wooden stables, with stalls for five horses, coach house and loft and a room for a groom. The grounds surrounding this residence comprised about 22 acres including flower and kitchen garden, a cultivation paddock of five acres and a pasture for five or six cows.</p><br>
<p>Maurice Lyons, solicitor, leased the property in October 1872 for a term of three years and continued the lease after the property was purchased by his wife, Matilda in September 1873. Lyons kept racehorses and nearby Lyons Parade and Lyons Terrace are named after the family.</p><br>
<p>In February 1880, stock and station agent, James Hamilton Scott purchased the house on 6 acres 4 perches and soon after nominated Henry Vyvyan Hassell and Samuel McGregor as trustees for purposes unidentified. The remainder of allotment 13 was offered for sale as Rosemount Estate by Lyons, subdivided into 90 "villa sites".</p><br>
<p>Trustees, Hassell and McGregor took out a mortgage for £1,500 from Richard Cruise in December 1882 and Scott appears in the Post Office Directories for 1883-4 as residing at Rosemount. Scott may have been responsible for the additional stone house that was believed to have been added to the original building and connected by a timber walkway.</p><br>
<p>In 1885, the property was purchased by Alfred Jones, the manager and one of the founders of the firm, Gordon and Gotch. It is believed that the original stone house began to fail and Jones demolished and replaced it with the brick wing and porch to form one long residence. Jones is also believed to have added the look-out across the eastern verandah of the building accessed by a spiral stair. The design of the brick addition has been attributed to prominent architect George Henry Male Addison.</p><br>
<p>In 1901, Jones purchased an adjoining 2 acres, 1 rood 34 perches, a subdivision of allotment 14. Alfred Jones resided at Rosemount until his death in 1912 when the property was inherited by his sons, Sydney William and Herbert Alfred. The following year, the sons left the house to live in Ascot.</p><br>
<p>The property was lent to the military authorities for the term of World War I and was not formally acquired from the Jones family until 1926 along with an additional 1-acre 1 rood 27 perches in the southwest corner. Rosemount was initially used as a hospital for massage and ionisation cases but the existing buildings soon proved to be insufficient for the increasing number of soldiers requiring hospital care. In 1916, eight open air style wards with semi-detached general areas and bathrooms and central kitchen area were constructed in the grounds between the house and Breakfast Creek by the Department of Home Affairs. Existing outbuildings such as the coach house, laundry and stables were adapted for use as orderlies quarters and for other auxiliary uses.</p><br>
<p>Construction on a second phase of buildings commenced in December 1918 and was substantially complete by the end of 1919 at which time the hospital complex comprised a total of 13 wards, five huts, a dining hall and kitchen, theatre block, two buildings for staff quarters, sisters quarters, administration block, massage block, stores, dispensary, curative metal workshop, curative boot repairing workshops, boiler house, mortuary, motor shed, oil shed, dental buildings, eight fire boxes and a gymnasium.</p><br>
<p>The design of the new wards was adapted from the standard pavilion plan of the time and like the open air wards were designed to provide for the maximum circulation of fresh air. Patients were ideally situated in close proximity to a door or window without the distinct disadvantages of having no walls, particularly in winter months and with the opportunity of respite on open verandahs.</p><br>
<p>Initial plans provided 10-foot verandahs to enable patients to sleep out and to increase accommodation in the wards. The Chairman of the Board argued that patients everywhere prefer sleeping on the verandah and it was thought that this would especially be the case in Queensland. However, the Principal Medical Officer disagreed with this deviation from the standard design and insisted that the five wards be constructed with standard 5-foot verandahs.</p><br>
<p>A compromise was reached and the five identical timber pavilion plan single storey wards elevated on timber stumps with corrugated iron roof and ventilated ridge, measuring 80 ft by 17 ft, were erected with 8-foot verandahs. Each ward included a dormitory, two cubicles, a Sisters office, servery and an annexe sterilizer room and self-contained ablutions block at the southern end. The ward buildings were stepped down the gentle east facing slope and were connected by a timber framed walkway with corrugated iron roof. Wards 1 and 2 were constructed as a 20 and 22 bed ward respectively. Wards 3, 4 and 5 were 30 bed wards. In April 1921 Rosemount Hospital was taken over by the Department of Repatriation from the Department of Defence. The Repatriation Department immediately began a building program which included the erection of a new residence for the medical officers at a cost of £950, alterations and conversion of the Administration block to nurses quarters and single officers quarters. A detached room was constructed for sterilising which adjoined the existing scientific block. The Dental hut was altered for research work and the tinsmiths shop became a pharmacy. Alterations were made to the existing mortuary and a hut was altered for office accommodation.</p><br>
<p>In April 1927, the Duke and Duchess of York made a royal visit to Australia. As part of their visit to Brisbane, they visited the Rosemount Hospital where they met with each of the invalid servicemen in the hospital.</p><br>
<p>Alterations were made to the administration building to provide office accommodation for the medical superintendent and an out-patients department. The Red Cross Buildings were altered as accommodation for the resident Medical Officer and pharmacist and a lavatory and bathroom were added. A lavatory was moved 15 feet from the front gate to the right, to provide a gate-keeper&#39;s cottage. The dental hut was converted to be used for pathological examinations. The 1916 open air wards and associated outbuildings were demolished prior to 1935.</p><br>
<p>In December 1939, approval was granted for the construction of new wards by the Department of the Interior, for the accommodation of service personnel. The construction of similar wards in Sydney and Melbourne were also approved. In February 1940, the Major General reported that while there were a small number of army patients at Rosemount it was expected that the numbers would increase before June with the establishment of larger Militia Camps and the involvement of the Australian personnel in the Middle East.</p><br>
<p>Plans were prepared by the Department of Works after consultation with the Departments of Repatriation and Defence. Initially thirty beds were to be provided but with the escalation of the war, this requirement was increased to a total of 82 beds available for defence patients. To cope with the extra patients and resultant staff increase, additions were also made to the kitchen and boiler house, nurses quarters, orderlies and maids changing rooms and stores.</p><br>
<p>Following World War 2, the Department of Repatriation rationalised and reorganised its facilities for service personnel. The Greenslopes Repatriation Hospital became the principal acute care facility and as a consequence the Rosemount complex was transferred to the Brisbane and South Coast Hospitals Board in the early 1950s. The Board was experiencing major problems with overcrowding and the Rosemount site was used to alleviate some of those difficulties and was used for a variety of purposes, principally the care of long term patients. Minimal improvements were made at Rosemount as the Board&#39;s capital funds were needed for the expansion on the Herston site. In 1951, over three acres on the banks of Breakfast Creek was sold to the Brisbane City Council and is presently open space used as parkland.</p><br>
<p>In the 1980s the Rosemount site was used as a psychiatric facility for the nearby Royal Brisbane Hospital. During this period the operating theatre was used to administer electroconvulsant therapy (ECT or electric shock treatment). The adjacent Ward 6 functioned as an intensive care unit, Ward 7 was the lock ward and the former nurses quarters were used as accommodation for medical staff.</p><br>
<p>In the late 1980s a new two storey masonry complex to accommodate the geriatric services divisions was erected to the west of the Rosemount residence and part of this building is now used as a day hospital. This project necessitated the demolition of some the massage block, X-ray building, garage, male staff hut, workshop and stores.</p><br>
<p>In 1994 the Rosemount residence ceased to be used and, being left empty, was the target of vandalism. It was offered to the Karuna Hospice Service, which provides hospice care for the dying based on Buddhist principles. In 2003-4, Karuna restored the Rosemount residence and leased the property from Queensland Health for 30 years.</p><br>
<p>In 2015, the Rosemount complex remains part of the Royal Brisbane Hospital and fulfils a number of functions, mostly provided at the 1980s masonry building. These include: mental health services, community care, geriatric assessment and rehabilitation. Some of the buildings on the site are used for ancillary services, while others are not in active use.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Rosemount Hospital occupies 2.422 hectare site on an east facing slope overlooking Breakfast Creek at Windsor. It comprises a variety of buildings, structures and gardens and includes a former 1880s brick residence set amongst a collection of World War I, interwar and World War II timber wards and ancillary buildings and a recent masonry complex for geriatric patients.</p><br>
<p>The site is divided by the large two storey masonry complex constructed in the late 1980s. To the west are the former Medical Officer&#39;s Quarters facing Lutwyche Road, a single storey timber framed building elevated on concrete stumps with a hipped corrugated iron roof and walls clad in pine chamfer boards. It contains two bedrooms, a kitchenette, lounge, entrance porch and verandah which has been enclosed. The building is presently unoccupied.</p><br>
<p>Also located on Lutwyche Road is the former dental hut, a single storey timber framed building clad in timber chamferboards with a terracotta tile gambrel roof and finials. It is elevated on timber stumps and was converted to several different uses including an assistant officers quarters and later as an orderlies hut.</p><br>
<p>The remainder of the surviving buildings are located to the east of the masonry complex. Wards 1-5 are located within the southern portion of the site. Each has had stumps and roofing replaced, ventilated ridges removed and verandahs enclosed with casement windows and metal louvres. The interiors of the dormitory have been lined with fibrous cement sheeting. At the northern end of each of the wards an addition which may incorporate the frame of the early walkway has been lined externally with small timber chamferboards. A steel framed covered connecting walkway links the buildings. Ward 1 is now occupied by the GARU and Karuna. Part of Ward 2 is also occupied by Karuna. Wards 3 contains the Red Cross canteen and the University of Queensland have research units in part of Ward 3 and in Ward 4. Ward 5 is unoccupied.</p><br>
<p>Wards 6 and 7, constructed, are single storey timber framed buildings elevated on concrete stumps and beams with a fibro cement roof and walls lined in FAC board. They were built with 11&#39; wide verandahs to the north and south sides with canvas roller blinds which have been enclosed. Self-contained ablutions located in an annexe at the eastern end of each building have been altered. The buildings are highset at their eastern end and the subfloor area has been enclosed with fibrous cement sheeting. Ward 6 is presently used for storage of bulk medical stores and Ward 7 has been recently refurbished as offices for its present tenants, Home and Community Care (HACC). The interiors have been lined, some partitions installed and the building has been painted internally and externally.</p><br>
<p>The Matrons flat and household workers quarters is a timber framed building lined with tongue and grooved pine elevated on timber stumps. The verandahs are lined with fibrous cement sheeting to sill height with venetian blinds above. The Matrons flat, contained a verandah, office, bedroom, lounge, vestibule, front hall and bathroom. The Household workers quarters contained a hallway, bedroom, sewing room, dining room, lounge, and back and side verandahs. All internal partition walls have been removed and the building was used as a kitchen until recently and is now unoccupied.</p><br>
<p>The Rosemount residence has a western wing constructed of English bond red facebrick relieved with stone sills and window dressings, multipaned leadlight windows and a dark facebrick base. It has a corrugated iron roof and bay windows to the north and to the west with battened and bracketed eaves and an elaborate timber entrance porch with seating to the north. The western bay window is protected by a narrow porch which provides entry to the semi detached kitchen. An early stone retaining wall frames the walkway at the end of the building.</p><br>
<p>The 1880s brick wing of the early Rosemount residence and the adjoining kitchen is of the same layout that appears on the 1916 plan and contained bedrooms, bathroom, large dining room, kitchen scullery, larder and cooks room. Timber detailing throughout is substantial and elaborate and includes ceilings, architraves, skirtings, dados, dining room mantel piece and door and window joinery. The dining room and hall have elaborate coffered ceilings and the floor to the halls has tessellated tiles. The lower level of the house to the east of the main hall was replaced sometime after World War I. This timber wing replaced a masonry portion in a similar configuration and early windows and doors have been incorporated into timber framed walls. The rear verandah and viewing platform was enclosed and roofed and the spiral stair removed. The posts, ripple iron ceiling and other details of the early verandah survive and have been clad with timber chamferboards and casement windows. The massage room was located on the eastern verandah, and an ionisation room and orthopaedic room were contained within the house during World War I. It was later adapted for use as the Sisters quarters.</p><br>
<p>The former Sisters&#39; Quarters No 1 (day nurses quarters) is a single storey timber framed building elevated on concrete stumps with pine chamfer board cladding and a corrugated iron gambrel roof. Its linear plan contains what were formerly thirteen bedrooms, an entrance lounge, hall and a bathroom and shower room opening off a central hall. The western end of the building is in contact with the ground and the walls and floor at this end of the building demonstrate some signs of failure, the extent of which is unknown. The building is presently unoccupied.</p><br>
<p>The Operating Theatre is a single storey timber framed building lined with vertical tongue and groove pine boards and six-light sash and frame windows. It is elevated on concrete stumps and has a corrugated iron gable roof with ventilated ridge. Entry is gained via a series of ramps to a porch on the western elevation. A pair of six-light timber panel entrance doors with matching sidelights and fanlights provide the main entry to a large foyer with a staff entry to an office through a four panel timber door. The interior comprises a theatre, offices and ancillary spaces with floors and coved skirtings finished with terrazzo.</p><br>
<p>The former lavatory block is a timber framed building with a concrete floor and corrugated iron gambrel roof. Its walls originally lined with tongue and grooved pine boards have been sheeted on the exterior with fibrous cement sheeting. The building is presently divided with a central timber partition and is unoccupied.</p><br>
<p>The former Recreation Hall is a single storey timber framed building, lined with vertical tongue and groove pine boards and is elevated on concrete stumps with a corrugated iron gable roof. The roof structure incorporates iron tie rods below a coved timber boarded ceiling. Natural light and ventilation are provided by a combination of sash and frame windows divided by pairs of top hinged sashes to the east and west elevations. Entry to the building is gained at the southern end via a ramp or short flight of stairs and the building is connected to the eastern and southern wards by a timber framed covered walkway.</p><br>
<p>The former mortuary building is a simple single storey brick building with concrete floor and corrugated iron roof. Access to the interior was not available.</p><br>
<p>A highset single storey timber framed building with corrugated iron roof in the north east corner of the site was formerly occupied by Indigenous Health. This building was removed to this location after 1966. Another highset single storey timber framed building with corrugated iron roof lined in vertical tongue and groove boards with sash and frame windows was also removed to the south eastern corner of the site after 1966 and may have been relocated from somewhere within the hospital complex.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Rosemount Hospital was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 24 September 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Rosemount Hospital is significant as a military hospital developed as a result of World War I. It demonstrates the development of facilities required to treat the extensive number of service personnel injured in World Wars I and II. The extent of war injuries is an aspect of the war that tends to be overshadowed by the number of fatalities as recognised by war memorials. These buildings are a testament to those who survived but nevertheless suffered as a result of the conflict.</p><br>
<p>It (former Rosemount residence) also demonstrates the type of residential development that occurred along the northern bank of Breakfast Creek from the 1860s and is important for its association with early European Settlers in this area. It is also significant for the evidence it provides of changing trends in psychiatric and general nursing and medical care.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>This is the only such facility surviving in Queensland and one of the few from this period in Australia.</p><br>
<p>The five timber ward buildings have added significance as a rare surviving example of a set of timber pavilion ward from World War I.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The former Rosemount residence is significant as an example of an 1880s residence by prominent nineteenth century architect, G H M Addison, and has added significance for the intactness of its 1880s brick wing including the interior of its rooms.</p><br>
<p>Significant buildings include the former Rosemount residence, the Medical Officers quarters, Dental Hut, the five timber pavilion wards constructed in 1918, the former lavatory building and operating theatre, the timber pavilion buildings constructed, the former Matrons quarters, the Sister&#39;s Quarters, the former Red Cross Hut and the Morgue. Other significant features include the connecting walkways, stone retaining walls and mature trees.</p><br>
<p>The Rippon-Kinsella House is a historic house located at 1317 North Third Street in Springfield, Illinois. The house was most likely built in 1871 for businessman John Rippon, Jr. Its original design was a simple Italianate plan; the style can still be seen in its bracketed eaves and its long arched windows with round hoods. Rippon sold the house in 1891, and after passing through several other owners it was bought by Richard "Dick" Kinsella in 1899. Kinsella ran a local wallpaper and paint business, worked as a scout for the New York Giants baseball team, and was a prominent Sangamon County Democrat. In 1905, Kinsella remodeled his house to incorporate Classical elements; the house&#39;s porch with Doric columns and its high-pitched roof were added at this time. Classical Revival architecture was popular in both new and remodeled houses in Springfield at the time, and the more traditional Italianate houses were well-suited to renovations; the house is one of the best-preserved examples of these hybrid designs.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on February 27, 1992.</p><br>
<p>Bess Street Brick Cottages is a heritage-listed duplex at 22, 25-27 Bess Street, Windsor, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was built from to 1930s circa. It is also known as Hedge&#39;s Buildings. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 15 December 2000.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>These small brick cottages were erected in the late 1870s or early 1880s, most likely by or for Samuel Hedge, a Lutwyche brickyard proprietor.</p><br>
<p>The Lutwyche district was first surveyed in 1858 as farm portions, several of which were alienated by Sarah Sophia Bartley, wife of Nehemiah Bartley, in 1859. In 1865 part of the Bartley&#39;s land was subdivided and in October 1870, title to 4 acres (subdivisions 29A & 32 of portions 189 & 190, parish of Enoggera), passed to Samuel Hedge of Enoggera.</p><br>
<p>Samuel Hedge and Son were brickmakers at Lutwyche from at least 1878 (likely much earlier) until the early 1890s. The son referred to was Francis John Hedge, and by 1889 they had been joined in the business by Samuel Hedge junior. Samuel Hedge senior appears to have retired from brickmaking. He resided in Bess Street during the 1880s, and returned there, prior to his death in 1903. FJ Hedge continued as a brickmaker into the early 1890s, but by 1896 FJ Hedge and Samuel Hedge (junior?) were farming at Westhaldon, south of Gatton.</p><br>
<p>It is not clear whether Samuel Hedges brickyard was located on the land he acquired in 1870. Being resident in the Enoggera district already, he may have established a brickyard elsewhere, or have been leasing from the Bartleys prior to purchase. The Windsor and Districts Historical Society suggests that Hedges brickyards extended from Bess Street to Fuller Street and north to Kedron Brook.</p><br>
<p>Brickmaking was one of the earliest manufacturing enterprises in Brisbane, and in the 1870s and 1880s was concentrated principally in the Lutwyche-Kedron district (which then included parts of Windsor). Well-known Lutwyche brickmakers of this period included William Anderson, Samuel Hedge and Son, John Salt, George and Charles Starkey, and William Williams. Fuller Street at Lutwyche was originally named William Street, possibly after early brickmaker William Williams, and nearby Brickfield Street recalls the brickmaking enterprise which Williams established at Lutwyche in the 1870s.</p><br>
<p>In August 1877 Hedge subdivided the 4 acres acquired in 1870, into 20 residential allotments and a dead-end street off Brook Street, variously known as Best or Bess Street in the early years. Later, Bess Street was extended east to meet McKenzie Street. The blocks at each end of Bess Street averaged close to 1 rood each in size; those in-between were surveyed as 27 perches each on the north side of the road and 23.4 perches each on the south side. The survey plan does not indicate any extant dwellings, but shows a perimeter fence around the 4-acre property.</p><br>
<p>Samuel Hedge sold the bulk of the re-subdivisions between 1878 and 1886, but retained title to 20 Bess Street (resub 9) and 25-27 Bess Street (resubs 13-14) until 1899. He also retained title to the block on the southern corner of Bess and Brook streets, which contained a duplex similar in form to what is now 20 Bess Street, but fronting Brook Street. This building is no longer extant.</p><br>
<p>As there was not yet a railway in the district, and nearby Lutwyche village was scarcely developed at this period, it appears that Hedge subdivided the land to service workers in his and other nearby brickyards. By 1885, the residents of Bess Street were mostly working class, many associated with brickmaking, and included:</p><br>
<p>Frederick C Butler, drayman (FC Butler acquired re-subdivisions 3 and 4 in 1879 and 1881 respectively)</p><br>
<p>Charles Hawkwood, busdriver and George Perkins, brickmaker, both of whom lived in Edges Buildings (this is likely Hedges Buildings, and may refer either to what is now 20 Bess Street, or to 25-27 Bess Street)</p><br>
<p>John Hopkinson, gardener; James Morgan, brickmaker (Bridget Morgan acquired resubdivision 2 in 1882)</p><br>
<p>Mary Saxby</p><br>
<p>Joseph Sibthorpe, drayman (Samuel Hedge&#39;s daughter Caroline married Joseph Sibthorpe in 1876 and in 1884 acquired title to re-subdivisions 15 and 16)</p><br>
<p>Edward Usher, brickmaker.</p><br>
<p>By 1887, James Watterson, carpenter, also resided in the street (Watterson acquired re-subdivisions 5-7 in 1886). Samuel Hedge is listed as resident in Bess Street by 1888. In 1890, the residents of Bess Street were mostly owner-occupiers:</p><br>
<p>D Good, broker</p><br>
<p>J Morgan, brickmaker</p><br>
<p>S Hedge, snr</p><br>
<p>S Hedge, jnr, brickmaker</p><br>
<p>Mrs C Sibthorpe</p><br>
<p>Mrs MA Saxby</p><br>
<p>FC Bulter, drayman</p><br>
<p>J Waterson (sic), joiner</p><br>
<p>In 1998, both 22 and 25-27 Bess Street, Windsor were identified as places of heritage significance in the Grange District Heritage and Character Study prepared by the Brisbane City Council&#39;s Heritage Unit.</p><br>
<h3>22 Bess Street</h3><br>
<p>Re-subdivision 8 (22 Bess Street) was transferred from Hedge to Henry Day in November 1881. The brick cottage on this property is built to the eastern boundary, suggesting that it also was built after the 1877 re-subdivision. The position of the house and the internal chimneys along the eastern wall suggests also that it was Hedge who erected the building, intending to construct a duplex similar to 25-27 Bess Street across the road, but that before this was accomplished, he sold the property to Day. Henry Day is listed as a Lutwyche butcher and blacksmith in the 1878-79 Post Office Directory, but does not appear in the district again until 1891, when he is recorded as H Day, builder, resident in Bess St. However, by this time title to 22 Bess Street had been transferred in 1889 from Day to Walter Henry Qualtrough. The property remained in the Qualtrough family, apparently as a rental investment, for about 3 decades, until transferred to Janet Watters, widow, of Brisbane, in August 1920. Mrs Watters resided at 22 Bess Street through the 1920s, until her death in 1931. It would appear that she was responsible for the refurbishment of the cottage, with the construction of a western sleeping verandah and bathroom, and decorative plasterwork throughout.</p><br>
<h3>25-27 Bess Street</h3><br>
<p>Samuel Hedge retained title to 25-27 Bess Street until it was transferred in May 1899 to his daughter Caroline Aspinall (formerly Caroline Sibthorpe), who had married George Valentine Aspinall in New South Wales in 1895. The Aspinalls did not reside in Bess Street, but Mrs Aspinall retained 25-27 Bess Street as a rental property until her death in 1935. In 1944 Queensland Trustees transferred title to Sophia Mitchell Henzell, widow, who also appears to have bought the place as a rental investment. Through most of the 1920s and 1930s, 27 Bess Street was tenanted by Michael J O&#39;Connor. The Richard Imrie family rented 25 Bess Street from until 1950, when Richard and Ethel Imrie purchased 25-27 Bess Street as joint tenants with Herbert and Irene Perry, who by then occupied 27 Bess Street. The two families apparently were not related. The Perrys gained Council approved for additions and alterations to 27 Bess Street, including the enclosing of the front verandah, in March 1955, and in 1962 approval was given for the construction of a garage. In 1984, title to 25-27 Bess Street passed to Gregory John Perry.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Bess Street Cottages are located on opposite sides of the eastern end of Bess Street, Windsor. 25-27 Bess Street, on the north side of the street and facing south, is a duplex - two brick cottages sharing a party wall along the boundary between lots 13 & 14 on RP 19286, parish of Enoggera. Diagonally opposite 25 Bess Street, on the southern side of the street and facing north, is 22 Bess Street, a brick cottage with a s timber and fibrous-cement extension on the western side. To the east of 22 Bess Street is 20 Bess Street, a brick cottage of similar vintage but different form. This originally was a duplex, but has been substantially modified and converted into a single residence. This building is not included in the heritage listing. All the cottages are built close to the street, with narrow front yards.</p><br>
<h3>22 Bess Street</h3><br>
<p>This is a small, 4-roomed brick cottage with later extensions and a s reburbishment. The brick core rests on stone foundations and has a short-ridged iron roof with close eaves. There is a recent front verandah which replaces an earlier front verandah, which possibly did not extend across the extension on the western side. The external brick walls are rendered to resemble ashlar. Along the east wall, which is built to the property line, are two chimneys, both of which are constructed internally, suggesting that the original intention may have been to create a duplex as at 25-27 Bess Street, with the party wall along the property line. At the rear, a late 20th century extension containing kitchen and dining room replaces an earlier back verandah and kitchen house. On the western side of the cottage is a s sleeping verandah, timber-framed with fibrous cement sheeting externally, clad with a pebble-dash render. The western extension has a geometrically patterned parapet (vaguely Art Deco in inspiration) and several sets of casement windows. It is high set, as the ground slopes slightly to the west, but the rendered front and side walls extend almost to ground level.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the house retains its original layout, with the s extension and later rear additions clearly evident. The early core comprises four rooms. The front door opens directly into the parlour, off which, to the right, is the front bedroom. A door from the parlour leads into the former dining room, off which, to the right, is the second bedroom. The parlour and dining room each have a fireplace in the east wall. The parlour has one window opening onto the front verandah, with s casements replacing earlier sashes. The dining room window in the rear wall has been bricked in and two small windows, one either side of the chimney in that room, appear to date from the s refurbishment. French doors, possibly replacing earlier double-sash windows, open from both bedrooms onto the s sleeping verandah on the western side of the house. At the southern end of the s extension is a bathroom. Most of this has been modernised, but a section of s terrazzo flooring remains.</p><br>
<p>The internal walls of the brick core are plastered and the rooms have highly decorative s plaster ceilings, ceiling panels and cornices. It is understood that the ceilings were timber-boarded originally, and that these boards survive above the plaster. Flooring throughout is of timber. That in the parlour and dining room is later, narrow hardwood boards, but the front bedroom has earlier wide boards, possibly pine.</p><br>
<h3>25-27 Bess Street</h3><br>
<p>25-27 Bess Street is a brick duplex, each house similar in form to 22 Bess Street across the road. Each has the same 4-roomed core resting on a stone foundation, and has a short-ridged iron roof with close eaves - although in these instances, the ridges run front to back rather than side to side. Each has an enclosed front verandah (not identical) and both have formerly detached timber kitchen houses (which may be of later date than the core) and an enclosed rear verandah and rear verandah extensions. These have evolved idiosyncratically. The side external walls are rendered, but the original front and rear external walls of both cottages are of face brickwork, now painted.</p><br>
<p>Other than in the positioning of the kitchen houses, the cottages are not mirrored in plan, as might be expected, but are replicated.</p><br>
<p>Internally, both cottages have plastered walls and mostly early timber flooring, although the dining room of 27 Bess Street has a later concrete floor, apparently laid on top of the timber floor. Both cottages have the same varying floor levels: in each there is a step down from front parlour to dining room, then another step down from the dining room to the rear enclosed verandah. The ceilings in most rooms of both cottages are of later fibrous cement sheeting and timber cover strips, possibly covering earlier timber boards. The second bedroom in 27 Bess Street has its original wide, beaded, tongue-and-groove ceiling boards. Each cottage has a fireplace in the dining room, but the chimneys have been removed.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Bess Street Brick Cottages was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 15 December 2000 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Bess Street Brick Cottages, Windsor, erected, are important evidence of the development of Kedron/Lutwyche/Windsor as Brisbane&#39;s principal brickmaking district in the 1870s and 1880s. Likely erected by brickmaker Samuel Hedge on land he owned and subdivided in the late 1870s, and occupied by brickmakers and others associated with the brickmaking industry, these cottages have a close association with this important early manufacturing industry in Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The cottages form an historically and spatially cohesive grouping of rare surviving, working class, 19th century brick cottages in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>25-27 Bess Street is significant in addition as a rare, single-storeyed, brick duplex, there being only a few of this type of dwelling extant in Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>22 and 25-27 Bess Street remain substantially intact and are important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of their type.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>22 Bess Street makes an aesthetic contribution to the streetscape, and 25-27 Bess Street has the potential to do so. The s Art Deco-inspired internal renovation of 22 Bess Street has strong aesthetic value, the plaster work being an excellent example of its type.</p><br>
<p>The Agave Landscape and Ancient Industrial Facilities of Tequila is a cultural UNESCO World Heritage Site in Mexico. The 35,019-hectare site is part of an expansive landscape of blue agave, shaped by the culture of the plant used since the 16th century to produce the spirit known as tequila and for at least two millennia to make fermented drinks  and cloth. Within the landscape are working distilleries reflecting the growth in the consumption of tequila in the 19th and 20th centuries. Today, this agave culture is seen as part of Mexican national identity.</p><br>
<p>The site includes the living, working agave fields and the urban settlements of Tequila, Magdalena, El Arenal and Amatitan. The area is also testimony to the Teuchitlan tradition (AD 200-900) which shaped the landscape through the creation of terraces for agriculture, housing, temples, ceremonial mounds and ball courts.</p><br>
<p>The Nike Site Summit  is a historic military installation of the United States Army in Anchorage Borough, Alaska. The site, located in the Chugach Mountains overlooking Joint Base Elmendorf–Richardson, is the location of one of the best-preserved surviving Nike-Hercules missile installation in the state. The site&#39;s structures include a battery control area, a missile launch area, and several magazines. The site was built in 1957-58 and equipped with missiles in 1959. The site was in active service until 1979, after which militarily sensitive equipment  was removed. A local non-profit group is active, attempting to preserve the deteriorating remnants of the site.</p><br>
<p>The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<p>Chesuncook is a small unincorporated settlement on the northwestern shore of Chesuncook Lake in rural central Piscataquis County, Maine. A small village, originally supporting logging operations in the area, has existed here since at least the time of Henry David Thoreau, who wrote about it The Maine Woods. The village is now a primarily seasonal settlement that caters principally to outdoors enthusiasts.</p><br>
<h2>National Register of Historic Places</h2><br>
<p>Seven historic properties on or near the "Main Street" fronting the lake were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Chesuncook Village is located on the northwestern shore of Chesuncook Lake, near the mouth of the West Branch Penobscot River. It is about 60 mi by (generally gravel) road from Millinocket. Originally the site of an Abenaki encampment, it arose in the 1840s as a frontier logging village, after damming the river enlarged the lake and made possible logging drives further upstream. Henry David Thoreau described the village in The Maine Woods after his visit 1853 as having "quite a harbor". The village&#39;s oldest surviving house, now the Chesuncook Lake House, was built in 1863 as a boarding house and lodge, and the village grew over the following decades, reaching a population of about 65 in 1900 and about 250 in 1920. The nature of logging drives in the region was altered by the construction of the Ripogenus Dam in 1916, and the village declined in the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>In addition to the Chesuncook Lake House, there are a series of smaller summer houses along the waterfront, extending to the north toward Graveyard Point. At Graveyard Point there are a few buildings constructed by the Great Northern Paper Company to provide housing for its workers. A short way inland is a combined church/school building, also built by the Great Northern; it is located near the cemetery, which was originally at Graveyard Point but was relocated due to the 1916 dam, which raised the water level.</p><br>
